Plants have a memory function for the environmental stress they have suffered. When they are subjected to repeated environmental stress, they can quickly and better activate the response and adaptation mechanism to environmental stress, thus realizing long-term stable reproduction. However, most of the relevant studies are applied to crops and Arabidopsis thaliana rather than medicinal plants about the improvement of plant growth status and the effect on phytoalexin biosynthesis. In this study, yeast extract(YE) was used as an elicitor to simulate biotic stress, and the changes in biomass and the content of some secondary metabolites were measured by giving repeated stresses to Sorbus aucuparia suspension cell(SASC). The results showed that the accumulation levels of biomass and some secondary metabolites in SASC subjected to repeated stress are significantly increased at some time points compared with single stress. A phenomenon that SASC can memorize biotic stress is confirmed in this study and influences phytoalexin accumulation in SASC. Furthermore, the work laid the groundwork for research into the transgenerational stress memory mechanism of medicinal plant.
Cells, Cultured ; Secondary Metabolism ; Sorbus ; Stress, Physiological

In order to reveal feasibility of different concentrations of Ca2+ and SA on Platycodon grandiflorum under high temperature stress, the effects of Ca2+ on physiological index and related photosynthetic parameters were studied. Pot cultured P. grandiflorum leaves under the same outdoor conditions were sprayed with CaCl2 and SA separately, and then placed in the high incubator [35 degrees C/25 degrees C (day/night), light intensity 3 600 lx], and sprayed with distilled water at 25 degrees C and under high temperature stress were set as the control. The related photosynthesis, relative conductivity, contents of proline, malondialdehyde, soluble protein, activities of SOD and CAT, ASA and GSH content were measured. The results show that the 6 mmol x L(-1) CaCl2 and 1.5 mmol x L(-1) SA enhanced the activities of SOD and CAT, the contents of proline and soluble protein, and effectively reduced the damage of heat stress on cell membrance. At the same time, the exogenous Ca2+ and SA increased the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid, the efficiency of leaf photosynthesis and ASA and GSH content, and thus effectively resisted the oxidative stress caused by high temperatures, but with the increasing concentration of spraying, P. grandiflorum decreased the ability to resist high temperature stress. In conclusion, the foliage spraying CaCl2 and SA could reduce the damage of high temperature stress on P. grandiflorum leaves.
Calcium ; metabolism ; Hot Temperature ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; metabolism ; Platycodon ; metabolism ; Salicylic Acid ; metabolism ; Stress, Physiological

Atrial Fibrillation ; metabolism ; Connexin 43 ; metabolism ; Humans ; Oxidative Stress

OBJECTIVEUnder various drought conditions and nitrogen application, the content of vindoline, catharanthine, vincristine and vinblastine in the leaf of Catharanthus roseus were illustrated to improve the content of alkaloid theoretically.

METHODSix groups were set in the experiment, which included: CK (natural control), CN (natural control + nitrogen), LK (low drought), LN (low drought + nitrogen), HK (high drought), HN (high drought + nitrogen) to discuss the change characteristics of total nitrogen, the activity of alkaline POD and TDC, the content of four alkaloids under the different conditions were measured.

RESULTUnder LK condition, the activity of POD, TDC were enhanced. In the early stage of stress (0-21 d), vindoline, catharanthine, vincristine and vinblastine accumulated, and reduced in the later stage (28-35 d). For all groups, adding exogenous nitrogen could improve the total content of nitrogen, vindoline and vinblastine, meanwhile the activity of POD and TDC were enhanced as well. The LN, HN treatments were beneficial to accumulating catharanthine and vinblastine.

CONCLUSIONDrought stress or additional nitrogen have an influence on both of the activities of POD and TDC, and the four alkaloids were affected as well. Thereinto, the LN condition was the most effective treatment for accumulating the four alkaloids (vindoline, catharanthine, vincristine and vinblastine), which were regulated by improve nitrogen content and enzymatic activity.

Catharanthus ; metabolism ; Nitrogen ; metabolism ; Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Stress, Physiological ; Vinblastine ; analogs & derivatives ; metabolism ; Vinca Alkaloids ; metabolism ; Vincristine ; metabolism ; Water ; metabolism

Plant can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in normal physiological activity. However, ROS can increase dramatically by environmental stress. The increase may break the ROS balance in the plant. To control ROS levels in plants, an antioxidant system is needed to protect the cell. This paper introduced the types and functions of antioxidant enzymes, and studied the effects of plant and environmental factors on the activities of antioxidant enzymes. At last, the paper discussed the research hot fields of the effect of environmental stress on antioxidant enzymes, and gave the research strategies to the problems which happened in the studies.
Antioxidants ; metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Oxidative Stress ; Plant Proteins ; metabolism ; Plants ; enzymology ; metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism

With the effects of the mechanics and biological factors, the imbalance between the degradation and synthesis of chondrocyte, extracelluar matrix and subchondral bone leads to the osteoarthritis. The imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs caused by biomechanical abnormality is the key factor of osteoarthritis. This review will focus on the stress and their roles in the metabolism of the cartilage matrix.
Cartilage ; metabolism ; Humans ; Matrix Metalloproteinases ; metabolism ; Osteoarthritis ; metabolism ; Stress, Mechanical ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases ; metabolism

Animals ; Dopamine ; metabolism ; Dopaminergic Neurons ; metabolism ; Humans ; Iron ; metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Parkinson Disease ; metabolism ; Pars Compacta ; metabolism ; alpha-Synuclein ; metabolism

Humans ; Occupational Diseases ; diagnosis ; Saliva ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Stress, Psychological ; diagnosis

Rapidly proliferating cancer cells require energy and cellular building blocks for their growth and ability to maintain redox balance. Many studies have focused on understanding how cancer cells adapt their nutrient metabolism to meet the high demand of anabolism required for proliferation and maintaining redox balance. Glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in plasma, is a well-known nutrient used by cancer cells to increase proliferation as well as survival under metabolic stress conditions. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of glutamine metabolism in cancer cell survival and growth and highlight the mechanisms by which glutamine metabolism affects cancer cell signaling. Furthermore, we summarize the potential therapeutic approaches of targeting glutamine metabolism for the treatment of numerous types of cancer.
Cell Survival ; Glutamine ; Metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Plasma ; Stress, Physiological

Erectile dysfunction is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, and the pathogenesis of diabetic erectile dysfunction is very complicated, involving neuropathy, neurotransmitters, vasculopathy, vasoactive mediators, metabolism, endocrine and so on. Diabetes mellitus can cause oxidative stress, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. This review aims at the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic erectile dysfunction.
Diabetes Complications ; metabolism ; Erectile Dysfunction ; etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Oxidative Stress