This literature review was conducted to investigate the association between emotional labor and burnout and to explore the role of personality in this relationship. The results of this review indicate that emotional labor is a job stressor that leads to burnout. Further examination of personality traits, such as self-efficacy and type A behavior pattern, is needed to understand the relationships between emotional labor and health outcomes, such as burnout, psychological distress, and depression. The results also emphasized the importance of stress management programs to reduce the adverse outcomes of emotional labor, as well as coping repertories to strengthen the personal potential suitable to organizational goals. Moreover, enhancing employees' capacities and competence and encouraging a positive personality through behavior modification are also necessary.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Adult ; *Burnout, Professional ; Depression/psychology ; *Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Occupational Stress ; *Personality ; Stress, Psychological/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Background and Objective: The burden of caring for others comes naturally for healthcare providers particularly nurses as this is part of their altruistic nature. The right balance of caring for others and self-care is key to a healthy professional quality of life (ProQOL) which encompasses Compassion Satisfaction and prevents Burnout (BO) and Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS). With the challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic that has resulted in higher morbidity and mortality, the demands of the healthcare system on nurses are overwhelming. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, and the related factors of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress among nurses in a government facility during a pandemic Method: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study which utilized a validated Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) selfadministered questionnaire measuring Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout, and Secondary Traumatic Stress (Stamm, 2010). The survey was conducted from June 1-30, 2020 among a sample size of 204 qualified and willing nurses who signed an informed consent. All data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and parametric statistical tests (T-test and ANOVA). Statistical significance was at 99% CI and p-value of 0.05. Results: A total of 204 qualified and willing nurses were included in the study. Majority of the respondents belonged to the 2035 years of age bracket. Sixty-seven percent were female, married (54%); with no children (50%); finished BSN (91%); currently holding a Nurse II position (34%) with less than 5 years government service (56%) and with less than 5 years of field experience (58%). Seventy-seven percent (77%) did not have pre-existing diseases while 33% had either Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Bronchial Asthma and other non-communicable diseases. Overall ProQOL mean scores ranged from average to high compassion satisfaction; low to average Burnout; and low to average Secondary Traumatic Stress. Related factors found significant at p vale 0.05 or less were areas of rotation and years in the field of practice Conclusion The study showed that the mean scores of the nurse respondents’ ProQOL encompassing Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout, and Secondary Traumatic Stress indicate a healthy ProQOL from June 1-30, 2020. Areas of rotation and years in the field of practice are statistically significant in relation to ProQOL mean scores. All other factors are not statistically significant correlates
Burnout, Psychological ; Compassion Fatigue ; Nurses ; COVID-19 ; Burnout, Professional

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence the clinical practice of nursing students and to identify the mediating effects of spiritual well-being in the relation between stress of clinical practice and burnout caused by clinical practice. METHODS: Data were collected by self-report questionnaires targeting 420 nursing students in three nursing colleges located in Gyeonggi and Chungnam province. RESULTS: Burnout of clinical practice according to general characteristics of the study subjects showed significant difference in religion (t=1.895, p=.049). Stress of clinical practice and burnout of clinical practice showed positive correlation (r=.42, p<.001), existential spiritual well-being showed negative correlation between stress of clinical practice (r=-.17, p<.001) and burnout of clinical practice (r=-.47, p<.001). In addition, religious spiritual well-being in spiritual well-being showed no mediating effects and existential spiritual well-being showed mediating effects between burnout in clinical practice stress. CONCLUSION: In order to alleviate the stress of clinical practice for burnout of clinical practice prevention of nursing students, solutions to improve the existential spiritual well-being will be required in the future.
Burnout, Professional ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Negotiating* ; Nursing* ; Spirituality ; Stress, Psychological ; Students, Nursing*

Objective: This Cross-sectional study appraised the levels of stress and determined their sources,symptoms and effects among the healthcare workers assigned at the infirmary and PTB cottages of the National Center for Mental Health. Methodology: Standardized scores on eight scales, measured through the Occupational Stress Assessment (OSA), a self administered instrument, of 144 respondents from the infirmary and PTB Cottages, were tested for statistically significant differences. Results: The study revealed higher men standardized scores on the negative scales of Organizational Irrationality, Lob Complexity and negative Outcome were lower for this study group than the norm. Stratification of the 8 scales with the demographic profiles and work characteristics revealed significant differences in the level of occupational stressed experience by each subgroup. Conclusion: A comparison of the OSA scales between the mean values of the norm and those obtained from the study revealed higher scores from the respondent of positive scales and lower scores from the respondents on the negative scales. Healthcare workers with ages 28-32 were the most empowered while those with ages 60-65 were the least empowered. The 60-65 aged group had the highest scores on the negative scales and lowest in exposure Management , Work and Home Supports. Occupational stress had an increased health and psychological impact among the females. The separated and widowed scored highest on negative scales and least on empowerment, Work and Home Supports and Exposure Management. The medical specialists were the most empowered, had the least scores on negative scales and highest scores on positive scales. The medical specialists were the most empowered , had the least scores on negative scales and highest score in positive scales. The medical officers had lesser scores on Empowerment Organizational Irrationality, work and Home Supports, Negative Outcome, Exposure Management and Relaxation Potential than the medical officers. Scores on negative scales were highest and scores on Empowerment, Exposure Management and Relaxation Potential were least on the 7am-3pm shift. Respondents who scored least empowerment, Organizational Irrationality and Job Complex had been absent more than once.
Human ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL ; BURNOUT, PROFESSIONAL ; PERSONNEL, HOSPITAL

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationships between clinical practice stress and burnout, and the mediating role of empathy in nursing students. METHODS: A cross-sectional research design was employed. One hundred seventeen nursing students completed questionnaires on clinical practice stress, empathy (perspective-taking, fantasy, empathic concern and personal distress) and burnout in December 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics 23 was used and descriptive statistics, frequency, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression were conducted. Baron & Kenny method and Sobel test were adopted for analysis of the mediation effect (personal distress of empathy). RESULTS: The mean scores of clinical practice stress and burnout were 3.45 and 43.09, and perspective-taking, fantasy, empathic concern and personal distress of empathy were 2.67, 2.42, 2.64 and 2.19, respectively. The highest relationship between clinical practice stress and empathy was personal distress of empathy (r=.32, p < .001). Burnout was positively associated with clinical practice stress and personal distress of empathy (r=.22, p=.015; r=.51, p < .001). Personal distress of empathy demonstrated a complete mediating effect on the relationship between clinical practice stress and burnout (Z=3.22, p=.001). CONCLUSION: These results showed that decreasing personal distress of empathy is important for nursing students, and may help in reducing clinical practice stress and burnout.
Burnout, Professional ; Empathy* ; Fantasy ; Humans ; Methods ; Negotiating* ; Nursing* ; Research Design ; Stress, Psychological ; Students, Nursing*

Stress is a common problem among university students and studies showed that involvement in exercise could help in reducing stress. However, information regarding the effect of high intensity progressive resistance training (PRT) using a resistant tube on stress among inactive and moderate active young male university students is limited. Hence, the aim of this study is to examine the effect of high intensity PRT using a resistant tube on psychological stress level, cortisol, DHEA and physical fitness in this population. A total of 30 male university students were participated in this quasi-experiment study. Intervention group (n = 14, age: 21.50 ± 1.37 yr) was participaned to carry out high intensity PRT by using resistant tube 3 times per week for 10 weeks; control group (n = 16, age: 21.29 ± 1.86 yr) was asked to continue their current lifestyle as usual. Before and after 10 weeks of intervention, psychological stress was measured by using PSS and SLSI questionnaires; cortisol and DHEA level were measured by using ELISA method. Timed up-and-go (TUG) used to examine dynamic balance and handgrip strength test used to measure muscle strength. Findings showed that the increased of DHEA level after 10 weeks of intervention was significantly difference between control and intervention groups (p < 0.05). There was no significant group difference in changes over time in anthropometric and body composition measurements, stress scores, cortisol level and physical fitness. High intensity PRT using resistant tube may be beneficial in increasing DHEA level among young male adults, which can act as a stress biochemical indicator.
Stress, Psychological

OBJECTIVETo analyze the job burnout and mental health status of clinicians and the relationship of personality with job burnout and psychological stress, and to investigate the direct or indirect effects of personality on psychological stress.

METHODSMaslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale (EPQ-RSC), and Kessler 10 Scale were administered to 775 clinicians.

RESULTSOf all clinicians, 29.5% had mild burnout, with a score of 22.7 ± 8.18 for psychological stress risk. The effect of personality on emotional exhaustion and cynicism was greater than that on personal accomplishment. Clinicians with a personality of introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism suffered a higher risk of psychological stress. Personality had both direct and indirect effects on psychological stress. Neuroticism had the strongest effect on psychological stress, with an effect size of 0.55.

CONCLUSIONClinicians have a high level of both job burnout and mental psychological stress risk. Personality is significantly correlated with job burnout and psychological stress risk. Measures depending on personality should be taken for effective intervention.

Anxiety Disorders ; Burnout, Professional ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Fatigue ; Humans ; Neuroticism ; Personality ; Physicians ; psychology ; Risk ; Stress, Psychological ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVEThe aim is to learn the situation of work stress, burnout and depression in clean workshops of electronic company by investigation, and provide the clues for the further interventions as well as the basic data for the future evaluation.

METHODSThe survey was carried out in a electronic company in Xishan,Wuxi city. The subjects including all the 395 employees in clean workshops and 205 in ordinary workshops were asked to fill in an anonymous cross-sectional questionnaire, in which the distributions of age, gender, job duration, working time and working strength were similar between two kinds of workshops. The response rate was 98.9%.

RESULTSThere were no significant differences between clean and ordinary workshops in age, gender, smoking, drinking and working hours, except for employed years. It was not found that any differences between two kinds of workshop for the rates of burnout, depression and stress. However, the rates of burnout, depression and stress were 19.7%(77/391), 24.8%(97/391) and 88.5%(346/391) in clean workshops and 19.3%(39/202), 23.8%(48/202) and 84.6%(171/202) in ordinary workshops. There were no significant differences between two workshops for the scores of burnout and depression, but the stress score in clean workshops was higher than that of ordinary workshop (P = 0.015). Further stratified analysis found that stress score of male in clean workshop was higher than that of female (P = 0.002), while it was inverse in ordinary workshops (P = 0.034). In addition, the stress score of male in clean workshops was significantly higher than that of male in ordinary one (P = 0.003). The stress score of workers with age ≥22 year old was higher than that of age <22 in clean workshops, while the stress rate of workers with job duration ≥1.6 years was more than that of those with the shorter job duration. The risk of stress in clean workshops was as 3.78 times as ordinary one and the 95% confidence interval was 1.54∼9.31 after adjusted age and gender. There were negative correlations between stress and society support in both clean and ordinary workshops.

CONCLUSIONThe levels of work stress, burnout and depression were high in this electronic company. The stress in clean workshops was more serious than that of ordinary ones, especially for the males.

Adult ; Burnout, Professional ; China ; Depression ; Electronics ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Occupational Health ; Stress, Psychological ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and correlated factors of daily hassles among thermal power plant workers.

METHODSA mass screening of daily hassles and correlated factors was conducted on 498 workers from a thermal power plant in Zhengzhou in July, 2008. The questionnaires included Daily Hassles Questionnaires, Work Roles Questionnaires, Job Content Questionnaires (Chinese version), Effort-Reward Imbalance (Chinese version), Work Locus of Control Scale and Type A Behavior Scale, with content covering demographic characters and occupational stress correlated factors among subjects. The daily hassles was divided into lower level and higher level according to scores, and the epidemiological characteristics and correlated factors of daily hassles were analyzed.

RESULTSA total of 446 qualified questionnaires were obtained, effective response rate was 89.6% (446/498). For respondents, the age was (36.96 ± 6.49) years old, working length of the current job was (12.05 ± 7.54) years, the daily hassles scores was (9.01 ± 2.50), and the prevalence rate of the higher level of daily hassles was 34.1% (152/446). The multiple non-conditional logistic regression analysis showed 5-14 years' working length of current job (OR = 0.451, 95%CI: 0.225 - 0.904), average income > 3000 yuan(OR = 0.372, 95%CI: 0.202 - 0.684), reward (OR = 0.557, 95%CI: 0.325 - 0.954) and coping strategy (OR = 0.552, 95%CI: 0.330 - 0.925) were negatively correlated with daily hassles, and shift-work (OR = 1.887, 95%CI: 1.108 - 3.215), effort (OR = 2.053, 95%CI: 1.198 - 3.519), psychological demand (OR = 1.797, 95%CI: 1.049 - 3.078), negative affectivity (OR = 3.421, 95%CI: 2.065 - 5.668) were positively correlated with daily hassles.

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence rate of the higher level of daily hassles was considerable high for thermal power plant workers. Its negative correlated factors included 5 - 14 years' working length of the current job, average income > 3000 yuan, reward and coping strategy and its positive corelated factors included shift-work, effort, psychological demand and negative affectivity.

Adult ; Burnout, Professional ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Occupational Diseases ; epidemiology ; Power Plants ; Stress, Psychological ; epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo analyse the relationship between coping strategy and occupational stress in rail freight dispatchers.

METHODS115 rail freight dispatchers were investigated by using group sampling method, investigation contents included coping strategies, occupational stressors, strains and personalities.

RESULTSThe proportion of using coping strategy in rail freight dispatchers is lower. The scores of job future ambiguity, type A behavior and work locus of control in workers with insufficient coping strategy were higher than those in workers with sufficient strategy (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but the score of organization commitment score in workers with insufficient coping strategy was lower than those in workers with sufficient strategy (P < 0.05), the differences of scores of some occupational stressor, strain and personality variables between workers with insufficient and those with sufficient in social support, job-family balance, job involvement coping factors of coping strategy were remarkable significant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), the differences of scores of occupational stressor, strain and personality variables between workers with insufficient and those with sufficient in ask, logic and time management factors of coping strategy weren't significant (P > 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that risk of being job dissatisfaction and daily life stress in workers with insufficient social support coping was three or four times than those with sufficient coping (OR = 3.06 or 4.38, respectively), risk of being daily life stress in workers with insufficient job involvement coping was three times than those with sufficient coping (OR = 3.26).

CONCLUSIONThe proportion of using coping strategy in rail freight dispatchers is lower. Coping strategy has influence on the individual's perception of occuaptional stressors, strains and personalities.

Adaptation, Psychological ; Adult ; Burnout, Professional ; psychology ; China ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Diseases ; psychology ; Occupational Health ; Personality ; Railroads ; Social Support ; Stress, Psychological ; psychology