Mindfulness-based psychotherapy, known as the third-wave cognitive behavior therapy, showed a multi-cultural integration trend. As part of it, willing acceptance and commitment therapy not only took root in the discoveries in the fields of evolutionary psychology and cognitive psychology, but also absorbed the concepts of psychotherapy from Chinese traditional culture. As a result, it regards truth and harmony as the essence of health, proposes a triangle model (health/pain-willing acceptance-striving) to elucidate the mechanism of psychopathology and psychotherapy in theory. Operationally, it contains four principles of psychotherapy, which are as follow: "knowing yourself and others, reaction but adequately, reality as well as harmony, willing acceptance and striving". Furthermore, it proposes eight therapeutic procedures including "understand yourself, recognize suffering, check coping style, keep openness and acceptance, mindfulness and flexibility, live in the moment, clarify the value, and commit action". With these principles and procedures, willing acceptance and commitment therapy aims to fade the neural trace of patients' painful memories, improve their psychological flexibility and rebuild their lifestyles consistent with their values.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ; Adaptation, Psychological ; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ; Humans ; Mindfulness ; Stress, Psychological

OBJECTIVES: Child sexual abuse is a highly prevalent societal problem that cuts across all ethnic, racial, educational, and socioeconomic groups. There has been mounting empirical evidence for the efficacy of manual-based, cognitive behavioral treatment(CBT) for sexually abused children. Therefore, the aim of this review was to address the rationale and efficacy of CBT for sexually abused children, and to introduce a broad outline of a typical CBT program for young people suffering the emotional and behavioral consequences of sexual abuse. METHODS: A selective literature review was undertaken. RESULTS: To date, trauma-focused CBT is the most effective treatment for the sexually abused child. The rationale and efficacy of CBT was reviewed and a typical CBT program was outlined session by session. CONCLUSION: Based on trauma-focused CBT for sexually abused children, the results demonstrate the need for future development of a standard CBT program for the Korean population.
Child ; Child Abuse, Sexual ; Cognitive Therapy ; Humans ; Stress, Psychological

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of aroma inhalation on stress responses (physical symptoms, levels of anxiety, perceived stresses)of nursing students. METHOD: This study was a quasi-experimental research using anon-equivalent pre-post design and was conducted from June 1 to June 5, 2002. The subjects consisted of 77 junior nursing students who were divided into 39 experimental group members and 38 control group members. A pretest and Post-test were conducted to measure body symptoms, the level of anxiety, and the level of perceived stress. In the experimental group, aromas were given using an aroma lamp, lavender, peppermint, rosemary and Clary-Sage. In the control group, the treatment was not administered. RESULT: As a result of administering aroma inhalation to nursing students, their physical symptoms decreased, their anxiety scores were low, and their perceived stress scores were low, showing that aroma inhalation could be a very effective stress management method. CONCLUSION: Nursing educators should play an important role in contributing to college students' physical and psychological health by helping enhance their recognition of stress management and effectively relieving their stress using essential oils.
*Aromatherapy ; Female ; Humans ; Stress, Psychological/*therapy ; Students, Nursing/*psychology

Asthma ; psychology ; therapy ; Humans ; Integrative Medicine ; Stress, Psychological

This paper discusses the mechanism of Qi Zhuma moxibustion therapy according to psychology and immunology. The acute psychological stress during the Qi Zhuma moxibustion operation was observed. The immune responses to acute psychological stress were investigated according to the theory of psychology and immunology. The possible psycho-immune mechanism of Qi Zhunmae moxibustion treatment was proposed: the acute psychological stress during Qi Zhurnma moxibustion treatment may stimulate immune system, and thus leads to the effectiveness of Qi Zhuma moxibustion. Ancient Chinese doctors applied psychology into acupuncture and moxibustion practice which need to be further explored in clinic acupuncture at modern time.
Acupuncture Points ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; Qi ; Stress, Psychological ; immunology ; therapy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a stress management program on mental health and coping behavior for children of alcoholics. METHOD: Data was collected from January to February, 2003. The subjects were 20 adolescents from 13 to 18 years old. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and t-test with the SAS program. RESULT: There were statistically significant differences in mental health, active coping, positive cognitive restructuring, and support-seeking for problem solving between the experimental group and the control group. CONCLUSION: The stress management program helped children of alcoholics by enhancing self-esteem, providing information about alcohol, and improving emotional and problem focused coping abilities. This eventually enhanced mental health.
Stress, Psychological/*therapy ; *Mental Health ; Male ; Humans ; Female ; Child of Impaired Parents/*psychology ; *Alcoholism ; Adolescent ; *Adaptation, Psychological

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine stress, coping, and immune response effects of a psychosocial intervention program based on the PNI model and Stress-Appraisal-Coping for Korean patients with breast cancer. METHODS: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The participants who had survived breast cancer and lived in Wonju city and the surrounding area were assigned to an intervention group (N=21) or a control group(N=18).We conducted a 12-week intervention, 2 hours a day weekly, and measured the variables at baseline, six and twelve weeks later. Dependent variables are: stress, anxiety-depression and anger, and immune response. RESULTS: Patients in the psychosocial intervention program reported significantly less stress perception (U=31.500, p=.023), more problem solving ability and less problem avoidance in coping (U=20.500, p= .013; U=29.500, p=.040), and less anxiety-depression (U=22.000, p=.023). No difference, however, was found in anger and immune responses between the two groups. Intervention effects were evident at week 6 and 12 for anxiety-depression, and at week 6 for problem avoidance in coping, the same time that NK cell counts and the T8 decreased. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested positive effects of a psychosocial intervention program. However, the results are inconclusive due to the small sample.
Stress, Psychological/etiology/*therapy ; *Social Support ; Middle Aged ; Humans ; Female ; Breast Neoplasms/*psychology ; Adult ; *Adaptation, Psychological

PURPOSE: This quantitative meta analysis sought to determine the effectiveness of SMIs. METHOD: Forty-six experimental studies with a randomized or nonequivalent control group pre-post test design were included in the analysis. The selected studies were classified according to the sample characteristics, the types and methods of the interventions, and the types of outcome variables. Six intervention types were distinguished: cognitive-behavioral intervention(CBT), relaxation techniques(RT), exercise(EX), multimodal programs 1 and 2(MT1, 2), and organizationfocused interventions(OTs). Effect sizes were calculated for the 4 outcome categories across intervention types: psycho-social outcome, behavioral-personal resources, physiologic, and organizational outcome. RESULTS: Individual worker-focused interventions(ITs) were more effective than OTs. A small but significant overall effect was found. A moderate effect was found for RT, and small effects were found for other ITs. The effect size for OTs was the smallest. The interventions involving CBT and RT appeared to be the preferred means of reducing worker's psycho-social and organizational outcomes. With regard to physiologic outcomes, RT appeared to be most effective. CBT appeared to be most effective in reducing psycho-social outcomes. The effects of OT were non-significant, except for the psycho-social outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: SMIs are effective. Interventions involving RT and CBT are more effective than other types.
Cognitive Therapy ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Exercise Therapy ; Humans ; Organizational Objectives ; Relaxation Therapy ; Stress, Psychological/*therapy

OBJECTIVEMore than one-third of college students reported the desire for stress reduction techniques and education. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 20-week structured self-Reiki program on stress reduction and relaxation in college students.

METHODSStudents were recruited from Stockton University and sessions were conducted in the privacy of their residence. Twenty students completed the entire study consisting of 20 weeks of self-Reiki done twice weekly. Each participant completed a Reiki Baseline Credibility Scale, a Reiki Expectancy Scale, and a Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) after acceptance into the study. The PSS was completed every four weeks once the interventions were initiated. A global assessment questionnaire was completed at the end of the study. Logs summarizing the outcome of each session were submitted at the end of the study.

RESULTSWith the exception of three participants, participants believed that Reiki is a credible technique for reducing stress levels. Except for two participants, participants agreed that Reiki would be effective in reducing stress levels. All participants experienced stress within the month prior to completing the initial PSS. There was a significant reduction in stress levels from pre-study to post-study. There was a correlation between self-rating of improvement and final PSS scores. With one exception, stress levels at 20 weeks did not return to pre-study stress levels.

CONCLUSIONThis study supports the hypothesis that the calming effect of Reiki may be achieved through the use of self-Reiki.

To discuss the etiology, pathogenesis, therapies and prescriptions of psycho-cardiological abnormality of patients with coronary heart disease. According to the advance in modern diagnosis and treatment, the authors believed that psycho-cardiological abnormality of patients with coronary heart disease is closely related with mental stresses, like anxiety, depression and insomnia. It is mostly caused by emotional injury and expressed in heart, liver, spleen and kidney. The pathogenesis is heart-liver hyperactivity, yin deficiency in heart and kidney, and insufficiency in heart and spleen. The full recognition of etiology and pathogenesis of psycho-cardiological abnormality of patients with coronary heart disease and the combined treatment of disease and syndromes are of great significance to reduce mental stress and other risk factors, prevent and treat coronary heart disease and improve prognosis.
Coronary Disease ; drug therapy ; psychology ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Stress, Psychological ; drug therapy ; etiology