Background: Antibacterial drugs are used for suppressing harmful bacteria. However, some are reported to have side effects which led researchers to investigate plants with antimicrobial properties as potential alternatives. One such indigenous plant is the Vitex parviflora A. juss, “molave” or “mulawin” tree. Objective: This study determined and compared the antibacterial efficacy of 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml concentrations of fresh local molave leaves methanolic extract with 0.12% chlorhexidine, distilled water, and 95% methanol on growth inhibition of S. mutans. Methodology: Five hundred grams of fresh molave leaves were collected and subjected to methanolic extraction. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test by disk diffusion of 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml molave extract concentrations, 0.12% chlorhexidine, distilled water, and 95% methanol on 18 Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) plates inoculated with S. mutans was done. For cost-efficiency, the total sample size of 80 plates was reduced by placing 5 test groups in one plate divided into five portions done in 18 replicates. After 48 hours of incubation in anaerobic conditions, resulting zones of inhibition were measured. Data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests. Results: The mean diameter of inhibition zones produced by 100 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml concentrations of molave methanolic leaves extract and 0.12% chlorhexidine was 15.78 mm, 11.63 mm, and 21.44 mm, respectively. Distilled water and 95% methanol did not inhibit bacterial growth. The 100 mg/ml concentration has stronger antibacterial properties than the 50 mg/ml. Conclusion The Vitex parviflora A. Juss methanolic leaves extract has the ability to inhibit the growth of S. mutans in vitro. Both concentrations were relatively weaker compared to chlorhexidine.
Streptococcus mutans

No abstract available.
Morus ; Streptococcus ; Streptococcus mutans

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of erythritol on cell wall structure of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and explore its potential mechanism.

METHODSEnzyme activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in bacterial solution were detected under respective condition of sucrose and erythritol. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the change of S. mutans' cell wall under the condition of sucrose and erythritol.

RESULTSEnzyme activities of LDH in erythritol culture medium were different from that in sucrose, but the difference was slight. SEM observation showed the integrity of cell wall was not destroyed and no content leaked out.

CONCLUSIONIt's suggested that erythritol has an antibacterial effect on S. mutans through no affecting on the normal structure of the cell wall of S. mutans.

Background: Streptococcus mutans is the leading cause of dental caries. One of many medicinal plants, purple leaf [Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff], which contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and saponins, is a potential antibacterial agent. Objective: This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of purple leaf extract (Graptophyllum pictum L. Griff) against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: Streptococcus mutans were suspended in several Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff extract concentrations in a BHIB medium using the dilution method so that the concentration of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.12%, 1.56%, 0.78% were obtained. Each tube was incubated for 24 hours, then subcultured in a Tryptone Yeast Extract Cystine medium in a petri dish using a spreader. Each petri dish was set for 24 hours; the growth of the colony, using CFU/mL unit, was manually calculated. The samples were then subjected to microbiological analysis. The Tukey's Honest Significant Difference test was performed to determine if the relationship between the sets of data in the treatment group is statistically significant (p<0.05). Results: Purple leaf extract contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, triterpenoid/ steroid, and saponin. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff against Streptococcus mutans was in concentration 3.125%, and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was in concentration 6.25%. Conclusion Purple Leaf Extract [Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff] has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans.
Medicine ; Phytochemicals ; Streptococcus mutans

Xylitol is a five-carbon sugar alcohol that inhibits the growth of oral streptococci, including Streptococcus mutans. In this study, we tested xylitol sensitivity among the oral streptococci. We also compared nucleotide homology of putative fructose phosphotransferase system (PTS) and xylitol sensitivity, since xylitol is transported via the fructose PTS. Among the tested Streptococci, S. pneumonia showed the highest resistance to xylitol while S. gordonii and S. sanguinis showed the most sensitive growth inhibition. These streptococci could be grouped according to their xylitol sensitivity. S. mutans and S. salivarius showed similar bacterial growth inhibition by xylitol. S. mitis, S. oralis, S. pneumonia, S. intermedius and S. anginosus showed relatively low sensitivity to xylitol. When the genetic homologies of five fructose PTSs were compared among the tested streptococci, closely related streptococci showed similar sensitivity to xylitol. Taken together, fructose PTSs may mediate the sensitivity to xylitol in oral streptococci.
Fructose ; Pneumonia ; Streptococcus ; Streptococcus mutans ; Xylitol*

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gargling solution with 0.05% NaF and 10% Xylitol in orthodontic patients with fixed appliance. The sample consisted of 20 patients who were classified into an experimental group and a control group, 10 patients each. Experimental group was used experimental gargling solution and the control group was used with placebo solution. The results were as follows. 1. There were significant reduction in the number of S. mutans C.F.U. between pre and post 3 weeks(p<0.01), 9 weeks(p<0.05) in experimental group. 2. There were significant reduction in the ration of S. mutans C.F.U. to total C.F.U between pre and post 3, 6, 9 weeks(p<0.01) in experimental group. 3. S. mutans, which were reduced until 3 weeks, did not show significant change after 3, 6, 9 weeks. 4. S. mutans were strongly suppressed until 3 weeks after gargling solution with 0.05% NaF and 10% Xylitol.
Dental Plaque* ; Humans ; Streptococcus mutans* ; Streptococcus* ; Xylitol

The effect of topical application on the number of S. mutans was tested in a group of 44 orthodontic patients (mean age, 12Y 3M). They were divided into 5 groups according to the method using NaF and SnF2. The number of S. mutans CFU were counted in stimulated saliva of each subject at baseline, and after one, two, three, and eight weeks. The following results were obtained. 1. In NaF rinsing group, and NaF topical application and NaF rinsing group, the number of S. mutans per ml saliva was not significantly changed. 2. In SnF2 topical application group, and SnF2 topical and NaF rinsing group, the number of S. mutans per ml saliva was significantly reduced. 3. After 8 weeks, there were no significant reduction of the number of S. mutans in comparison with baseline.
Fluorides* ; Humans ; Saliva ; Streptococcus mutans* ; Streptococcus*

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gargling solution with 0.05% NaF and 10% Xylitol in orthodontic patients with fixed appliance. The sample consisted of 30 adolescent patients who were classified into an experimental group and a control group, 15 patients each. Experimental group was used experimental gargling solution and the control group was used with placebo solution. The change of S. mutans in saliva was observed by Cariescreen(R) SM kit at pre and post 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks. The results were as follows. 1. There were significant reduction in the number of S. mutans in saliva between pre and post 2 weeks(p<0.01), 4 weeks(p<0.05), 6 weeks(p<0001), and 8 weeks(p<0001) in experimental group. And significant reduction also were observed in the number of Ss mutans in saliva between post 2 weeks, 6 weeks(p<0.05), and 8 weeks(p<0.05), but no significant reduction were showed in control group. 2. There were significant correlation in the number of S. mutans between each measurement time(pre and post 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks) in control group. 3. There weee no correlation between pre and post 2 weeks, but significant correlation were observed between 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks in experimental group.
Adolescent ; Humans ; Saliva* ; Streptococcus mutans* ; Streptococcus* ; Xylitol

Which component of polyphenol of Garcinia mangostana L effecting on S. mutans GS-5 causing tooth decay was studied. The materials: the microorganism strain Streptococus mutans GS-5 of America. The method: compounds of polyphenol were isolated by thin layer chromatography method. To measure the pH reduction in glycolysis. The result: Using thin layer chromatography on silicagen was isolated 15 bands of flavonoid from the extract of mangostana. The flavonoid component corresponding with Rf 0,80; Rf 0,86 and Rf 0,91 can strongly inhibit the acid production of S.mutans GS-5
Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Flavonoids ; Streptococcus mutans

OBJECTIVETo search the DNA sequences specific to virulent strain of Streptococcus mutans in the public database and explore new genes or new functions of already known genes from Streptococcus mutans of serotype c and suppose their functions.

METHODSThirty-one DNA fragments unique to virulent strain of Streptococcus mutans were sequenced. The sequences of these presumptive virulence DNA fragments were subjected to search through software BLASTn and BLASTx in public database, and their putative biological functions were analyzed. RESULTS Two clones were picked repeatedly. The size of the remaining DNA fragments ranged from 113 bp to 776 bp. The average G+C content was 38.59%, similar to that of the gene-coding sequences in Streptococcus mutans strain UA159 whose genome sequences were just complete. Of the twenty-nine DNA fragments, five potentially represented new DNA fragments in Streptococcus mutans, thus registered and obtained their gene's accession number in GenBank. The remaining DNA fragments showed high homology to known genes of Streptococcus mutans strain UA159. Their predicted functions of these fragments were associated to bacterial signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, stress-damage repair, biochemical metabolism, outer membrane protein synthesis, adhesion on tooth surface and hypothetical proteins.

CONCLUSIONThe gene analysis, identification and functional forecasting were carried out through bioinformatics associated software and database to find out new genes and new functions of known genes, and to supply the groundwork for researches in gene functions.