Vitamin D is present in two forms, ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) produced by plants and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) produced by animal tissues or by the action of ultraviolet light on 7-dehydrocholesterol in human skin. Both forms of vitamin D are biologically inactive pro-hormones that must undergo sequential hydroxylations in the liver and the kidney before they can bind to and activate the vitamin D receptor. The hormonally active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D], plays an essential role in calcium and phosphate metabolism, bone growth, and cellular differentiation. Renal synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D from its endogenous precursor, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), is the rate-limiting and is catalyzed by the 1alpha-hydroxylase. Vitamin D dependent rickets type I (VDDR-I), also referred to as vitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase deficiency or pseudovitamin D deficiency rickets, is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized clinically by hypotonia, muscle weakness, growth failure, hypocalcemic seizures in early infancy, and radiographic findings of rickets. Characteristic laboratory features are hypocalcemia, increased serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH), and low or undetectable serum concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D despite normal or increased concentrations of 25OHD. Recent advances have showed in the cloning of the human 1alpha-hydroxylase and revealed mutations in its gene that cause VDDR-I. This review presents the biology of vitamin D, and 1alpha-hydroxylase mutations with clinical findings.
Animals ; Biology ; Bone Development ; Calcitriol ; Calcium ; Cholecalciferol ; Clone Cells ; Cloning, Organism ; Dehydrocholesterols ; Ergocalciferols ; Humans ; Hydroxylation ; Hypocalcemia ; Kidney ; Liver ; Muscle Hypotonia ; Parathyroid Hormone ; Receptors, Calcitriol ; Rickets ; Seizures ; Skin ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Vitamin D ; Vitamins

No abstract available.
Cholesterol Esters* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn*

This study was carried out to determine the effect of long term administration of vitamin A on the changes of lipids in liver tissue and serum in rat. The animals were fed with control diet(200 ug/day) and high vitimin A diet(2, 000 ug/day) for 24 weeks. Vitamin A contents of liver in high vitamin A fed rats were increased linearly accordance with duration of the vitamin A administration, but levels of serum vitamin A showed unremarkable changes during the experimental period. Contents of cholesterol and triglycerides of vitarnin A fed rats were significantly higher than those of controls. Levels of HDL-triglycerides in v:itamin A fed rats were significantly higher than those of control rats during experimental period, while levels of HDL-cholesterol and HDL-phospholipids showed unremarkable changes during experimental period. Levels of individual cholesteryl esters showed undremarkable changes during experimental period in both animal groups.
Animals ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol Esters ; Liver* ; Rats* ; Triglycerides ; Vitamin A* ; Vitamins*

No abstract available.
Dihydroxycholecalciferols ; Pemphigus, Benign Familial

Signaling through the vitamin D receptor has been shown to be biologically active and important in a number of preclinical studies in prostate and other cancers. Epidemiologic data also indicate that vitamin D signaling may be important in the cause and prognosis of prostate and other cancers. These data indicate that perturbation of vitamin D signaling may be a target for the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer. Large studies of vitamin D supplementation will be required to determine whether these observations can be translated into prevention strategies. This paper reviews the available data in the use of vitamin D compounds in the treatment of prostate cancer. Clinical data are limited which support the use of vitamin D compounds in the management of men with prostate cancer. However, clinical trials guided by existing preclinical data are limited.
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use* ; Calcifediol/blood* ; Calcitriol/therapeutic use* ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Ergocalciferols/therapeutic use* ; Humans ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms/prevention & control* ; Signal Transduction ; Vitamin D/metabolism* ; Vitamin D Deficiency/epidemiology*

BACKGROUND: It has recently been demonstrated that human hair also contains lipids. On the hair surface, the lipid layer is attached to the outer surface of hair covalently bonded to hair proteins. However, there have been no reports on lipid distribution in human hair follicles yet. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the lipids of the hair follicle and its distribution and also to examine the lipid composition of the hair follicle. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Follicles were obtained from the occipital region of the scalp which were not under the influence of anagen hormone. The specimens were stained using typical methods of oil red O, Holzinger's copper-rubeanic acid modification, perchloric acid-naphthoquinone reaction. RESULTS: Oil red O staining that could be used to stain all lipids was well detected in the area, Henle's layer of inner root sheath (IRS), IRS cuticle, and hair cuticle, which were keratinzed earlier in the hair follicle. The hair cuticle and the IRS were stained dark green on Holzinger's copper-rubeanic acid modification that could be used to stain free fatty acids. The IRS was stained gray-blue on perchloric acid-naphthoquinone reaction method that could be used to stain cholesterol and its esters. CONCLUSION: The present results demonstrate that the lipids of the hair follicle are located on the hair cuticle and the keratinized area of the IRS. They can act as a barrier of the hair follicle.
Cholesterol ; Esters ; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified ; Hair Follicle* ; Hair* ; Humans* ; Scalp

The Key Recommendation from 2010 Dietary Guidelines to limit consumption of dietary cholesterol to 300 mg per day, is not included in the 2015 edition. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015~2020 released in January 2016, omitted the limit for cholesterol intake in general population; but this change does not suggest that dietary cholesterol is no longer important to consider when building healthy eating patterns. The main shift of concept in recent dietary guidelines is that limitation of intake of single macronutrient should not help to promote health; controlling and recommendation for a healthy eating pattern is important for health and for the prevention of any diseases. In Korean dietary survey, eggs are the main resources for dietary cholesterol in Koreans. However, there are recent studies regarding no association between the egg consumption and serum cholesterol level and cardiovascular disease risk. In this review, I will focus on the 2015 recommendation on dietary cholesterol and fat intake. Furthermore, I will review the literature on the evidences for the egg consumption and cardiovascular disease risk.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol* ; Cholesterol, Dietary* ; Eating ; Eggs* ; Nutrition Policy ; Ovum*

BACKGROUND: The changes in lipid composition during epidermal differentiation has been reported in human and animal models. Because of the difficulties in getting adeguate specimens from human subjects, the authors used easily obtainable circumcised prepuce for lipid analysis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes in lipid composition duriig cornification of the epidermis, the lipid compositions of whole epidermis and stratum corneum were analyzed by thin layer chromatography(TLC). METHODS: From circumcied prepuce whole epidermis and stratum orneum were separated by 10mM EDTA(ethylene diamine tatraacetate) in PBS(phosphate-buffered saline) or heat(60C), and 0.5% trypsin in PBS respectively. Lipids were extracted with methanolctloroform-HO mixture(4:2:1.6, v/ v, Bligh-Dyer solvent), TLC was performed and lipid composition was quantitated by photodensitometer. RESULTS: In the composition of stratum corneum lipids, sphingoliids were the highest(33.3+2.9%) followed by cholesterol, free fatty acids and cholesterol esters in cleceasing order, there were small percentages of triglycerides, cholesterol sulfate and squalene. CONCLUSION: In this study the lipid composition of epidermis was similar to that of stratum corneum rather than those of previous reports on epidermal lipids, which may indicate the regional characteristics of epidermal/stratum orneum lipids in hyperkeratotic prepuie.
Cholesterol ; Cholesterol Esters ; Epidermis* ; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified ; Humans ; Models, Animal ; Squalene ; Triglycerides ; Trypsin

OBJECTIVEStudies on the substance with nourishment Yin for a reasonable and rational auality appraise for turtleback.

METHODTo separate by chromatography and identifying with MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR.

RESULTTwo compounds were separated and identified as hexadecanoyl cholesterol ester and cholesterol.

CONCLUSIONThe two compounds are isolated from turtleback for the first time.

Animals ; Cholesterol ; isolation & purification ; Cholesterol Esters ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Materia Medica ; chemistry ; Turtles

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of dietary calcium on plasma lipoprotein profile in castrated and ovariectomized hamsters.

METHODSMale, castrated, female and ovariectomized hamsters (n=36 each group) were randomly divided into three sub-groups (n=12) and fed one of the three diets containing 0, 2, and 8 g calcium per kg diet for a period of six weeks. Changes in plasma lipoprotein profile were monitored at the end of week 0, 3 and 6.

RESULTSPlasma total cholesterol (TC), non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), triacylglycerols (TG) and TC/HDL-C were decreased only in intact female and ovariectomized hamsters. In contrast, three levels of dietary calcium had no effect on lipoprotein profiles in both intact male and castrated hamsters.

CONCLUSIONBeneficial modification of lipoprotein profile by dietary calcium was gender-dependent at least in hamsters.

Animals ; Calcium, Dietary ; therapeutic use ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Cholesterol, Dietary ; adverse effects ; Cholesterol, HDL ; blood ; Cricetinae ; Female ; Male ; Triglycerides ; blood