OBJECTIVETo study the differences of theantimicrobial-resistant profiles between the isolates of Staphylococci aureu from children and from adults.

METHODSStaphylococci was identified by the plasma coagulase test, Staphylococci monoclonal antibody and VITEK-32 fully automated microbiology analyzer.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by the K-B disk diffusion for 84 Staphylococci isolates from children and 74 Staphylococci isolates from adults. Cefoxitin was used for detecting methillicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by the disk diffusion test.

RESULTSSeven (8%) MRSA isolates were found in Staphylococci isolates from children compared with 35 MRSA isolates (47%) in those from adults (p<0.01). All strains were susceptible to vancomycin. All strains from children were susceptible to fusidic acid. The resistant rates of the isolates from children to cefazolin, cefuroxime, gentamicin, cefoxitin, and levofloxacin were significantly lower than those from adults (p<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSThe antimicrobial resistance of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates from adults is more prevalent than that in the isolates from children.

Adult ; Child ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Humans ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; isolation & purification ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects

Evolution, Molecular ; Methicillin Resistance ; Staphylococcus aureus ; classification ; drug effects ; genetics ; isolation & purification

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated at eight large medical centers in Korea were examined for methicillin resistance and resistance to eight other antibiotics; cefazolin, cefamandole, cefuroxime, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, moxalactam, penicillin G and vancomycin. Methicillin resistance was found in 296 of 1225 strains (24.2%) of S. aureus and 126 of 348 strains (36.2%) of S. epidermidis. Methicillinresistant strains were isolated from all sources with the frequency of isolation ranging from 11% to 60%. From pleural effusion, throat swab and blood, methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus were more frequently isolated with statistical significance (Chi-squared test, 95% confidence). Almost all of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and S. epidermidis (MRSE) strains were multiply resistant to one or more tested eight antibiotics. However only 7(2.4%) of 296 MRSA strains and 2(1.6%) of 126 MRSE strains were resistant to vancomycin. Vancomycin was the most effective antibiotic against staphylococcal isolates as well as MRSA and MRSE.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Cross Infection/microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Humans ; Korea ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/*drug effects/isolation & purification ; Staphylococcus epidermidis/*drug effects/isolation & purification

To investigate the chemical constituents of the endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. FJ-1 of Ceriops tagal, the chemical constituents were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. Their antibacterial activity was tested by paper disco diffusion method. Two compounds were isolated and identified as 7-hydroxy-deoxytalaroflavone (1), and deoxytalaroflavone (2). Compound 1 is a new compound, and compounds 1 and 2 showed weak activity against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Flavones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects ; Molecular Structure ; Penicillium ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Rhizophoraceae ; microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects

Two new steroidal alkaloids, isoconkuressine and N-formylconessimine, together with 6 known steroidal alkaloids including conkuressine, conessine, isoconessimine, conimine, conarrhimine, and funtudienine, were isolated from the seeds of Holarrhena antidysenteriaca Wall.ex A.DC. Their intrinsic antibacterial activities and synergistic effects with penicillin and vancomycin were analyzed in methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Two of the steroidal alkaloids including one new compound (N-formylconessimine) showed potential antibacterial activity and possessed synergistic effects with penicillin and vancomycin, respectively.
Alkaloids ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Holarrhena ; chemistry ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo detect the enterotoxin genes of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) isolated from clinical specimens and analyze the correlation between enterotoxin genes and drug resistance of SA.

METHODSThe mecA gene and enterotoxin genes A-F of clinical SA isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the genes were sequenced to investigate the correlation of these genes to drug resistance.

RESULTSThe detection rate of enterotoxin genes was 100% in 67 methicillin- resistant SA (MRSA), showing no significant difference from the rate in 57 methicillin-sensitive SA (MSSA) (83.5%, χ(2)=0.203, P>0.05). Of the 116 strains carrying enterotoxin genes (93.5%), the detection rates of SEA, SEB, SEC, SED and SEF were 90.5%, 6.9%, 61.3%, 5.2%, 25.9% and 93.5%, respectively, and none of the strains were positive for SEE gene. In these strains, 78 (67.2%) carried 2 or more enterotoxin genes, and the main genotypes were SEA and SEC (33.6%), SEA and SEF (7.8%), and SEA and SEC and SEF (13.8%). Compared with the strains carrying a single enterotoxin gene, those with multiple enterotoxin genes showed a higher drug resistance rate, among which 75% of the SA strains carrying SEA+SEC+SEF were resistant to SXT, significantly higher than the rates of SA carrying SEA (28.6%) and SEA+SEC (38.7%) (P<0.05). The SA strains carrying SEA+SEC+SEF and SEA+SEF showed significantly higher amikacin resistance rates than SA strain carrying SEA (75.0%, 77.0%, 21.5%, respectively, P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONClinical isolates of SA carrying multiple enterotoxin genes have a higher drug resistance rate than those with a single enterotoxin gene, suggesting the the important role of enterotoxin in multidrug resistance.

Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; genetics ; Enterotoxins ; genetics ; Humans ; Staphylococcal Infections ; microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects ; genetics ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo investigate the distribution of burn pathogens and their antibiotic resistance in a burn unit, so as to provide reference for clinical practice.

METHODSThree hundred and forty-eight burn patients hospitalized in our department were enrolled in this study. The pathogens isolated from the wounds, blood, venous catheter, sputum, urine, purulent discharge of wounds in these patients, and their antibiotic resistance were surveyed by retrospective analysis from Jan, 2001 to Dec, 2006.

RESULTSTotal-ly 464 strains were isolated, among which Gram negative (G-) bacilli accounted for 52.6%, Gram positive microorganisms (G+) accounted for 40.5%, and fungi accounted for 6.9%. The main pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter species and Escherichia coli, among which Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was predominant (93.5%). MRSA was 100% resistant to levofloxacin, penicillium, oxacillin, and it was also resistant to other antibiotics except Vancomycin. The resistance rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Cefoperazone/Sulbactam, Imipenem and cefepime were 15.8%, 36.8%, 33.3%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONStaphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter species and Escherichia coli were predominant in the burn unit,among them Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter were more resistant to antibiotics.

Acinetobacter baumannii ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Burn Units ; Burns ; microbiology ; Cross Infection ; microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Retrospective Studies ; Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the change of pathogen distribution and antibiotic resistance of pathogens isolated from in-patients with hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) in the Department of Respiratory Medicine Intensive Care Unit (RICU) of Xiangya Hospital in 2005 and in 2011, and to provide reasonable anti-infectious strategy. METHODS: The positive susceptibility test of sputum (bronchial secretions) culture was done in patients with HAP in RICU of Xiangya Hospital in 2005 and in 2011, and the distribution feature and antibiotic resistance were compared. RESULTS: 1) In the two years, the main pathogen in HAP patients was Gram negative bacteria (infection rate was 68.07% and 65.21% in 2005 and in2011 respectively). The primary pathogenic bacteria were changed, and Acinetobacter baumanii became the most common Gram negative bacterium which replaced Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with infection rate 6.81% in 2005 to 40.87% in 2011. The infection rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa reduced from 20.42% in 2005 to 15.60% in 2011. Haemophilus influenzae was rare. Staphylococcus aureus became the primary Gram positive bacteria, and its infection rate increased from 1.57% in 2005 to 4.83% in 2011, all of which were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Saccharomyces albicans' positive culture rate increased significantly. 2) Compared with in 2005, the antibiotic resistance of pathogen isolated from the HAP pationts changed a lot in 2011: increased antibiotic resistance rate and decreased sensitivity to many antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was only relatively susceptible to meropenem, cefoperazone sulbactam, ceftazidime, cefpodoxime, and andamicaxin in 2011. The resistance rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to levofloxacin, cyclopropane, amicacin, gentamicin, meropenem, cematrixone, and piperacilintazobactam increased obviously (P<0.05). Compared with 2005, Acinetobacter baumanii was totally susceptible to polymyxin and relatively susceptible to sulbactam, but it was almost completely resistant to Aminoglycoside antibiotics in 2011, with significant difference (P<0.01). CONCLUSION The main pathogen of HAP patients in RICU was Gram negative bacteria, with increased infection rate of Staphylococcus aureus and fungus. There is change pathogen distribution and antibiotic resistance, and the clinical initial experimental antibiotic therapy may be influenced. It is important to use antibiotics more rationally to delay the antibiotic resistance.
Acinetobacter baumannii ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Cross Infection ; microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Male ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Pneumonia ; etiology ; microbiology ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; complications ; Saccharomyces ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo screen effective constituents of Discocleidion rufescens against bacteria.

METHODCompounds were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation method with various chromatographic methods and their structures were determined by spectral analysis and chemical evidence.

RESULTSeven compounds were isolated from the Et2O and n-BuOH extracts and identified as 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy flavone (1), quercetin (2), apigenin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), apigenin-7-O-neohesperidoside (4), luteolin-7-O-neohesperidoside (5), gallic acid (6) and beta-daucosteol (7).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 1-6 were isolated from genus Discocleidion for the first time and exhibited certain inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli. Compound 6 also showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococus aureus.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; Euphorbiaceae ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects

BACKGROUND: Susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus aureus often requires cumbersome supplementary tests. MicroScan Pos Breakpoint Combo Panel Type 28 (PBC28) (Siemens, USA) includes cefoxitin screening to detect methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), inducible clindamycin resistance detection (ICD), and determination of low-range minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin (0.5-16 microgram/mL). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of PBC28 in comparison with that of Pos Combo Type 1A (PC1A) (Siemens). METHODS: From December 2009 to March 2010, 500 non-duplicate clinical isolates of S. aureus were tested with PC1A and PBC28. Categorical agreements (CA) between the interpretations of the 2 panels were estimated. The presence of the mecA gene was determined by PCR, and double-disk diffusion test (D-test) was performed on the isolates resistant to erythromycin but susceptible or intermediately resistant to clindamycin. Ninety-six isolates representing various vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were tested in parallel with repeat PBC28, broth macrodilution, and epsilometer test (E test). RESULTS: The CA was 99.3% with a very major error (VME) of 0.2%, major error (ME) of 0.1%, and minor error (mE) of 0.4% in total. PBC28 showed 100% CA for 1 isolate with vancomycin MIC of 4 microgram/mL and 35 isolates (7.0%) with MIC of 2 microgram/mL. However, only 15, 27, and 35 isolates with vancomycin MIC of 2 microgram/mL showed 100% CA in repeat PBC28, broth macrodilution, and E test, respectively. PC1A and PBC28 detected all 314 mecA-positive isolates. Among the 63 isolates tested with the D-test, 58 (92.1%) were positive, and the results were 100% concordant with those of ICD. CONCLUSIONS: PBC28 can be appropriate susceptibility testing of S. aureus, including MRSA detection and ICD. However, the lower-range vancomycin MIC test was not reproducible enough to reliably differentiate MIC of 2 microgram/mL from MIC< or =1 microgram/mL.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Cefoxitin/*pharmacology ; Clindamycin/*pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Staphylococcus aureus/*drug effects/genetics/isolation & purification ; Vancomycin/*pharmacology