PURPOSE: This study was conducted to explore the perspectives of gender and role in the family for nurses' work-family balance. METHOD: Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 14 married nurses having children, who were selected through convenience sampling and purposive sampling from November 1, 2011 to January 20, 2012. The data were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. RESULTS: The common themes resulted from data analysis included following traditional gender roles, giving up any expectation of spouse's role, coordinating the division of family roles, and refusing to stick to gender roles. The age of nurse, family background of husband, and social-economic contexts were essential to explain the couple dynamics. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses who received private family support were stably leading a work-family balance, yet unable to change the gender structure of spouse for the work-family balance. On the other hand, young nurses who were unable to get any support, had a tendency of cooperating with their spouses and adopting more negotiable and pragmatic approach to work-family balance.
Child ; Gender Identity ; Hand ; Humans ; Spouses ; Statistics as Topic

The purpose of the descriptive correlation study was to examine relations among the hope, the burden and the family function in mothers caring for children with cancer. 145 mothers completed the three questionaires of the study divided into tree sections: a) The Hope Scale, b) The Burden Scale, c) FACES-lll. The collected data was analysed with t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results were as follows: 1) The average age of mothers of children with cancer was 35.6 years old and the ages between 30 to 39 were the most abundant. 57.3% of the mothers had an education level of below high school education and 66.0% had religion. The average age of the children was 8.6 years old. Ages between 1 to 7 were the most and 60.8% were diagnosed as leukemia. 2) Regarding the section of degree of burden, mothers of children with cancer marked 2.6 out of 5, and the degree of hope 3.2 out of 4. The result for family function came out to be 3.5 out of 5, an average of family cohesion of 3.9 and family adaptation of 3.1. 3) There were significantly less burden to the mothers who were living together with a spouse compared to the mothers who were not. Also mothers who replied that they preserved good health came out to be exposed to less burden compared to the mothers who did not. In analysing hope according to the general characteristics of mothers of children with cancer, mothers who were employed marked high in the degree of hope compared to unemployed mothers. Furthermore, the degree of family cohesion marked higher with mothers who had higher education of college graduate, mothers with religion and mothers with a monthly family income of over W3,000,000, compared to the group of mothers with lower education of high school graduate, non-religious or with a monthly family income of less than W1,000,000. 4) Excluding the fact that the group sorted with children diagnosed as leukemia marked a perceivably high score regarding family cohesion, compared to groups with other cancers, the degree of burden, hope and family cohesion did not show any noticeable difference according to characteristics of children with different cancers. 5) In the correlation of the hope, the burden and the family function regarding the mothers of children with cancer, the burden did not have any manifest relationship with hope or family function. However, the degree of hope and family function cohesion had a direct proportional relationship, as family cohesion marked higher when the degree of hope were high.
Child* ; Education ; Hope* ; Humans ; Leukemia ; Mothers* ; Spouses ; Statistics as Topic ; Child Health

It was assumed that the maternal identity in primigravida is one of the most attribute of the motherhood, that is not biological but cognitive phenomena, appears active process as intelligent human being. The purposes of this study were that the identification the cognitive structure and the influencing factors of the maternal identity in primigravida. Theoretical framework in this study, maternal identity in primigravida was constructed as a cognitive output, has the cognitive structure of cognitive output, has cognitive structure of cognitive-perceptual factor, cognitive-behavioral factor, and cognitive-emotional factor. Influencing factors of maternal identity was constructed as a cognitive input, which were pregnancy related perceptions(pregnancy intention, minor discomfort, value of motherhood), interpersonal relationship(relationship with mother, relationship with husband, relationship with social network), preparation to motherhood(maternal knowledge, antenatal, self care), and biological factor(gestation period). This study was to descriptive correlational research design, was done from the 3rd January to the 15th March 1996, and the research subjects were selected conveniently 226 the primigravida during the gestation period, data collection method was self reported questionnaire cross-sectionally. Descriptive data analysis was done SAS PC+, testing the hypothetical model was done by covariance structural analysis using LISREL 8.03 program. The result of the hypothesis testing, the value of motherhood(gamma=.650, T=4.26) the maternal knowledge(gamma=.137, T=2.030), the gestation period(gamma=.113, T-2.621), showed significant causal effect on the maternal identity in primigravida. In conclusion, the maternal identity in primigravida had interrelated cognitive structure consist of perceptual, behavior, and emotional factors. Significant causal factors influencing the maternal identity were value identified. It seems to contribute toward the understanding the characteristics of the maternal identity as a cognitive domains that has been regarded highly abstract concept, so has not been validated empirically.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Humans ; Intention ; Mothers ; Pregnancy ; Research Design ; Research Subjects ; Self Report ; Spouses ; Statistics as Topic

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken in order to examine the factors related to sexual satisfaction in climacteric women. METHOD: This was a descripitive correlation study. The subjects were 544 women in climacteric stage. Data were analyzed a using of descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression with a SPSS WIN11.0. RESULTS: The predictors of sexual satisfaction were age, education, marital status, family income, number of delivery, hormone therapy, body image, state anxiety, trait anxiety, spouse support. These factors explained 57.6% of the total variance. CONCLUSION: These finding suggest the need to develope nursing strategy to improve the sexual satisfaction in climacteric women. To improve the climacteric women's sexual satisfaction, the above major influencing factors should be considered.
Anxiety ; Body Image ; Climacteric* ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Nursing ; Sex Factors ; Spouses ; Statistics as Topic

The purpose of this study was to generated a grounded theory of how families with kidney donor or recipient copel with kidney transplantations. Interview data from twelve familes involved in didney transplants was analyzed using the grounded theory method. Data analysis revealed that "protecting the family" was the main theme that represented family member experiences. In order to maintain family function and to protect the family from breaking up, family members had to adjust the family structure from the traditional style of a husband-centered family, to one that was patient health-centered. the process of this adjustment was a very long and difficult one, taking several years from the recognition of the kidney disease to the kidney transplants. Family members, especially spouses, employed nine different strategies to deal with various problems and conflicts which occurred during the process : 1) paying attention to the patient's illness and complications ; 2) accepting the patients's illness as the family's illness as well ; 3) managing the patient's illness and complications that occurred ; 4) being thrifty ; 5) supporting the kidney donor ; 6) accepting and replacing the lost roles of the patient ; 7) keeping composure and encouraging the patient ; 8) sustaining the patient's independence ; 9) self-restraining sexual desires.
Humans ; Kidney Diseases ; Kidney Transplantation ; Kidney* ; Spouses ; Statistics as Topic ; Tissue Donors*

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the relationship of malnutrition, social network and health-related quality of life and to investigate the main factors influencing health-related quality of life in elders. METHODS: The research design was a descriptive survey design using a convenience sampling. Data were collected by self-report questionnaires from 196 elders. Data analysis was done using SPSS 18.0 pc+ program for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: The average score for health related quality of life was 3.33 (SD=0.86). Differences in health-related quality of life were statistically significant according to age, gender, occupation, presence of spouse, monthly income, source of income, economic status, medicine, and existence of chronic disease. Health-related quality of life was significantly correlated with malnutrition and social network. Major factors affecting health related quality of life for elders were malnutrition, occupation, age, social network, and economic status which explained 52.0% of the variance in health related quality of life. CONCLUSION: Findings provide a basis for developing nursing interventions to improve health-related quality of life. Future studies are needed a wide variety of variables that might influence health-related quality of life in elders.
Aged ; Chronic Disease ; Humans ; Malnutrition ; Occupations ; Quality of Life ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Research Design ; Spouses ; Statistics as Topic

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of husband and wife compatibility and self efficacy on health promotion behavior and define the main factors influencing health promotion behavior in middle aged women. METHOD: Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 311 middle aged women. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, Stepwise multiple regression with SAS package were used for data analysis. RESULTS: The mean score of husband and wife compatibility was 3.55(+/-.56), self efficacy was 3.51(+/-.54), and total health promotion behavior was 2.91(+/-.37), with scores for subcategories as follows: interpersonal support 2.86(+/-.59), self-actualization 2.74(+/-.56), nutrition 2.56(+/-.63), health responsibility 2.32(+/-.60), stress management 2.28(+/-.51), and exercise 1.87(+/-.74). Husband and wife compatibility, and self efficacy were positively related to health promotion behavior and all subcategories of health promotion behavior. Also husband and wife compatibility were positively related to self efficacy. The major factors that affect health promotion behavior in middle aged women were husband and wife compatibility, self efficacy, economic level, and religion, which explained 32.6% of health promotion behavior. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that health promotion behavior may be increased through interventions directed at improving the husband and wife compatibility.
Female ; Health Promotion* ; Humans ; Marriage ; Middle Aged* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self Efficacy ; Spouses* ; Statistics as Topic

Reproductive health (RH) education and services of female migrants in China have become an important health issue. This research aimed to investigate the RH knowledge and utilization among married female migrants, and to explore the influencing factors from the perspectives of population and sociology. We conducted a cross-section survey in Shenzhen and Wuhan, China, using the purposive sampling method. A total of 1021 rural-to-urban married migrants were recruited, with 997 valid survey results obtained. A face-to-face structured questionnaire survey was used, with primary focus on knowledge of fertility, contraception, family planning policy and sexual transmitted diseases/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (STD/AIDs), and RH service utilization. The results showed that the RH service utilization (38.0%) was at a low level in married migrants and the accessibility of RH service was poor. Females who migrated to (OR=0.32) Wuhan obtained fewer RH consultations than those in Shenzhen. The workers with high school education received additional RH consultations and checkup services than those with other background education, apart from the white collar workers who received extra RH consultations and checkup services than the blue collar workers (P<0.05). We can draw a conclusion that the utilization of RH services in married female migrants remains at a low level in China. RH service utilization can be improved via the relevant health departments by enhancing the responsibility of maternal and health care in the community health service center.
Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; Cities ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Population Dynamics ; Reproductive Health Services ; utilization ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Spouses ; statistics & numerical data ; Transients and Migrants ; statistics & numerical data

As a family respond to any stressful situation as a whole system, cancer diagnosis of a child, as a serious life event, could be emotional shock to destroy homeostasis of the family system. A family has a resilient capacity to adjust and adapt to stressful events. Previous studies have been focused on family stress and adaptation, but little attention has been given to family value as one of resilient factors. The data for model testing were collected from July 18, 2000 to August 30, 2000 and the analysis included 309 parents of children who are diagnosed as cancer, 18 or less years of age, and treated either hospitalized or at the outpatient clinics. The data analysis utilized SAS 6.12 and LISREL 8 for descriptive statistics, correlation, cluster analysis, factor analysis, and LISREL. The study findings are as follows. 1) Monthly income ( gamma =-0.28, t=-5.81) was the most important factor to explain family strain along with family support ( gamma =-0.11, t=-2.43), severity of children's illness ( gamma =0.26, t=5.22), and family stressor ( gamma =0.22, t=4.62). All of these factors together explained 40% of variance in family strain. 2) Among general family value, the relationship with the parents ( gamma =0.28, t=4.89) and relationship with the children ( gamma =0.20, t=3.60) showed positive effects to family value for cancer children, while relationship with the spouse ( gamma =-0.19, t=-3.22) and the age of the cancer children ( gamma =-0.11, t=-2.21) showed negative effects. These predictors together explained 22% of variance in family value for cancer children. 3)Family hardiness was explained mostly by family strain ( gamma =-0.53, t=-8.65) along with direct negative effects of family persistency and indirect negative effects of severity of children's illness, family stressor, relationship with the spouse, and the children's age. Family value for cancer children was the most important predictor with positive effect ( gamma =0.44, t=6.76) along with indirect effects of monthly income, relationship with the parents, relationship with the children, support from family and significant others, and confidence with the health professionals. 51% of variance in family hardiness was explained by all of these predictors. 4)The most important predictor for family adaptation was family stressor ( gamma =-0.50, t=-6.85) with direct and indirect negative effects along with the severity of children's illness ( gamma =-0.27, t=-5.21). However, family value for cancer children showed compromised total effect ( gamma =-0.13, t=-1.99) with negative direct effects ( gamma =-0.28, t=-3.43) and positive indirect effects ( gamma =0.14, t=3.01). Similarly, confidence with the health professionals also showed compromised total effect ( gamma =0.09, t=1.99) with positive direct effects and negative indirect effects. Family hardiness showed the biggest positive direct effects while other factors such as monthly income, family stressor, family persistence, support of family and significant others, relationship with the parents, relationship with the children, and relationship with the spouse, and children's age showed indirect effects only. 39% of variance in family adaptation was explained by all of these predictors.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Health Occupations ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Parents ; Shock ; Spouses ; Statistics as Topic ; Child Health

As a family respond to any stressful situation as a whole system, cancer diagnosis of a child, as a serious life event, could be emotional shock to destroy homeostasis of the family system. A family has a resilient capacity to adjust and adapt to stressful events. Previous studies have been focused on family stress and adaptation, but little attention has been given to family value as one of resilient factors. The data for model testing were collected from July 18, 2000 to August 30, 2000 and the analysis included 309 parents of children who are diagnosed as cancer, 18 or less years of age, and treated either hospitalized or at the outpatient clinics. The data analysis utilized SAS 6.12 and LISREL 8 for descriptive statistics, correlation, cluster analysis, factor analysis, and LISREL. The study findings are as follows. 1) Monthly income ( gamma =-0.28, t=-5.81) was the most important factor to explain family strain along with family support ( gamma =-0.11, t=-2.43), severity of children's illness ( gamma =0.26, t=5.22), and family stressor ( gamma =0.22, t=4.62). All of these factors together explained 40% of variance in family strain. 2) Among general family value, the relationship with the parents ( gamma =0.28, t=4.89) and relationship with the children ( gamma =0.20, t=3.60) showed positive effects to family value for cancer children, while relationship with the spouse ( gamma =-0.19, t=-3.22) and the age of the cancer children ( gamma =-0.11, t=-2.21) showed negative effects. These predictors together explained 22% of variance in family value for cancer children. 3)Family hardiness was explained mostly by family strain ( gamma =-0.53, t=-8.65) along with direct negative effects of family persistency and indirect negative effects of severity of children's illness, family stressor, relationship with the spouse, and the children's age. Family value for cancer children was the most important predictor with positive effect ( gamma =0.44, t=6.76) along with indirect effects of monthly income, relationship with the parents, relationship with the children, support from family and significant others, and confidence with the health professionals. 51% of variance in family hardiness was explained by all of these predictors. 4)The most important predictor for family adaptation was family stressor ( gamma =-0.50, t=-6.85) with direct and indirect negative effects along with the severity of children's illness ( gamma =-0.27, t=-5.21). However, family value for cancer children showed compromised total effect ( gamma =-0.13, t=-1.99) with negative direct effects ( gamma =-0.28, t=-3.43) and positive indirect effects ( gamma =0.14, t=3.01). Similarly, confidence with the health professionals also showed compromised total effect ( gamma =0.09, t=1.99) with positive direct effects and negative indirect effects. Family hardiness showed the biggest positive direct effects while other factors such as monthly income, family stressor, family persistence, support of family and significant others, relationship with the parents, relationship with the children, and relationship with the spouse, and children's age showed indirect effects only. 39% of variance in family adaptation was explained by all of these predictors.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Health Occupations ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Parents ; Shock ; Spouses ; Statistics as Topic ; Child Health