Biochemistry/history* ; China ; Exercise/physiology* ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Sports Medicine/history*

Irisin is a circulating myokine induced by exercise, which is a cleaved version of fibronectin type III domain containing protein 5 (FNDC5). It can promote the browning of white fat tissue, increase energy consumption, and decrease weight. Irisin plays an important role in the regulation of various diseases, such as diabetes and coronary heart disease. Different types of exercise have different effects on irisin level in blood circulation, and moderate exercise can reduce cardiovascular symptoms. In this paper, the cardiovascular protective effect of irisin and its research progress in the field of exercise are reviewed, hoping to provide a new target for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; prevention & control ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Exercise ; Fibronectins ; physiology ; Humans ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Sports Medicine

Catecholamines ; blood ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Water Sports ; physiology

Blood Chemical Analysis ; Humans ; Water Sports ; physiology

Although marathon has been considered as a simple or natural event, the multiple factors affect its performance such as physique and physical fitness including physical, technical, and mental factors. Academic disciplinary topics for talent identification in marathon performance are supported by physical characteristics, exercise physiology, biochemistry, nutrition, psychology, biomechanics, development and growth, evaluation and measurement. The scientific factors of marathon consist of physical and physiological characteristics of runners, overcoming trial of environmental effects, nutritional and psychological approach, ergogenic aid, effective training program, shoes and clothes. Especially, cardiopulmonary-related physical fitness is evaluated by maximal oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold, oxygen transport rate, and lactate tolerance. These scientific approaches for the improvement of running performance have been applied to the pick-up of excellent runner, exercise training, and actual running race for the overcome of limiting factors as environmental condition, exercise-induced fatigue, and injury, etc. In conclusion, we must consider the scientific factors for actual running race with physiological or psychological paradigm, technical application, nutritional approach, genetic analysis and information and communication and technology (ICT) convergence science for the scientific consideration of improvement in marathon running performance.
Anaerobic Threshold ; Aptitude ; Biochemistry ; Clothing ; Continental Population Groups ; Education ; Fatigue ; Genetics ; Growth and Development ; Humans ; Lactic Acid ; Oxygen ; Physical Fitness ; Physiology ; Psychology ; Running ; Shoes ; Sports*

Recreational diving is an exciting and adventurous sport, but is also potentially hazardous. Despite its inherent hazards, an increasing number of people enjoy SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) diving; the number of diving-related accidents is therefore also likely to increase. Divers might face physical or psychological stresses from the unfamiliar or hostile underwater environment, which can lead to fatal accidents. To investigate deaths related to SCUBA diving, a forensic pathologist should understand the types and mechanisms of injuries and illnesses unique to SCUBA diving. Postmortem examination of diving fatalities is therefore a formidable task for most forensic pathologists because cases are sparse and the process requires an understanding of diving physiology, diving equipment, and the underwater environment. The primary aim of autopsies in SCUBA diving fatalities is to detect evidence of pulmonary barotrauma, intravascular gas, or pre-existing illnesses. Standard autopsy protocol for SCUBA diving-related deaths should include methods to detect intravascular gas and gas accumulation in the tissue or body cavity through plain radiographs or Computerized Tomography (CT) scans. Analysis of the gas components is also helpful for determining the origin of the gas. Here, the author proposes a practical method for performing an autopsy on a person who died while SCUBA diving.
Autopsy* ; Barotrauma ; Diving* ; Humans ; Methods ; Physiology ; Preexisting Condition Coverage ; Respiration ; Sports ; Stress, Psychological

Athletes ; Humans ; Microcirculation ; Muscles ; physiology ; Sports

Isokinetic technology in testing and training is the most advanced practical technique in the evaluation of muscle function. This method is a continuous dynamic test in the full range of the joint motion which has strong pertinence at the aspect of assessing muscle strength, and is an objective and quantitative method for reflecting each point's muscle strength in the range of the joint motion. This article reviews the key concepts, brief history of development and influencing factors of isokinetic technology in testing and training, introduces the progress in the field of rehabilitation medicine and sport science, etc., and discusses the future exploration in forensic science.
Biomechanical Phenomena ; Forensic Medicine/methods* ; Humans ; Isometric Contraction/physiology* ; Joints/physiopathology* ; Muscle Contraction/physiology* ; Muscle Strength/physiology* ; Muscle Strength Dynamometer ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology* ; Physical Education and Training/methods* ; Physical Exertion ; Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine ; Posture ; Range of Motion, Articular/physiology* ; Sports Medicine ; Wounds and Injuries/rehabilitation*

Adult ; Athletes ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Sports ; physiology

INTRODUCTIONMaximal oxygen uptake, V&O2 peak, among athletes is an important foundation for all training programmes to enhance competition performance. In Singapore, the V& O2 peak of athletes is apparently not widely known. There is also controversy in the modelling or scaling of maximal oxygen uptake for differences in body size - the use of ratio-scaling remains common but allometric scaling is gaining acceptance as the method of choice.

MATERIALS AND METHODSOne hundred fifty-eight male (age, 21.7 +/- 4.9 years; body mass, 64.8 +/- 8.6 kg) and 28 female (age, 21.9 +/- 7.0 years; body mass, 53.0 +/- 7.0 kg) athletes completed a maximal treadmill run to volitional exhaustion, to determine VO2 peak.

RESULTSV& O2 peak in L/min of female athletes was 67.8% that of male athletes (2.53 +/- 0.29 vs. 3.73 +/- 0.53 L/min), and V& O2 peak in mL/kg BM1.0/min of female athletes was 83.4% of male athletes (48.4 +/- 7.2 vs. 58.0 +/- 6.9 mL/kg BM1.0/min). Ratio-scaling of V& O2 peak did not create a size-free variable and was unsuitable as a scaling method. Instead, V& O2 peak, that was independent of the effect of body mass in male and female athletes, was best described using 2 separate and allometrically-derived sex-specific regression equations; these were V& O2 peak = 2.23 BM0.67 for male athletes and V& O2 peak = 2.23 BM0.24 for female athletes.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Body Size ; Exercise Test ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; methods ; Oxygen Consumption ; physiology ; Physical Fitness ; physiology ; Singapore ; Sports