PURPOSE: We investigated the relationship between cognitive and learning style by comparing the Cognitive Styles Analysis (CSA) with the Index of Learning Styles (ILS). We assessed whether cognitive styles correlated with learning styles with regard to their corresponding dimensions. METHODS: One hundred two second-year premedical students participated, and data from ninety-four students were analyzed. One student's data file was lost during data collection, and six students were excluded because their correct response rates on the CSA were lower than 50%. Both scales were presented on a computer item by item, and the assessment was conducted in the computer lab as a group. For analysis, responses and reaction times were recorded. RESULTS: Distributions of the styles were generated. We correlated the verbal-imagery dimension of the CSA with the visual-verbal dimension of the ILS and found no correlation. There was no correlation between the wholist-analytic dimension of the CSA with the sequential-global dimension of the ILS. Excluding intermediate students in the verbal-imagery dimension of the CSA, however, there appeared to be a marginally significant correlation between the verbal-imagery dimension of the CSA and the visual-verbal dimension of the ILS. CONCLUSION: In the visual (imagery)-verbal dimension, there was some correlation between cognitive and learning styles.
Information Storage and Retrieval ; Cognition ; Data Collection ; Humans ; Learning ; Pyridines ; Reaction Time ; Students, Premedical ; Thiazoles ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the difference of body mass index (BMI) to smart phone proficiency in men and women over the age of 60. METHODS: Patients were divided into three groups with high (n=33), average (n=34), and low (n=33) smart phone proficiency. Fitness characteristics related to smart phone usage were evaluated by measuring cardiorespiratory endurance, grip strength, eye-hand coordination. As well, smart phone proficiency was evaluated by a self-reported questionnaire and a smart phone usability task that was composed of two categories: usage of the smartphone device itself and usage of phone applications. The differences in BMI of the subjects was analyzed by analysis of covariance adjusting for independent variables including age, smartphone usage period, eye-hand coordination, education and income. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in BMI among the three groups after adjustment of age, eye-hand coordination, smartphone usage period, education and income. The results showed that the self-reported questionnaire showed a significant difference in BMI between high proficiency and low proficiency groups (high 24.88±2.46, low 23.37±2.56; p=0.037). Smart phone usability test results also showed a significant difference in BMI among the three groups (high 25.18±2.58, low 23.15±2.6; p=0.000 and high 25.18±2.58, middle 23.57.7±1.69; p=0.010). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that high smart phone proficiency shows increased BMI in the elderly. This study suggests that people over the age of 60 who have high smartphone proficiency should be cautious of an increased BMI score.
Aged ; Body Mass Index* ; Education ; Female ; Hand Strength ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity ; Smartphone*

PURPOSE: The present study examines the characteristics of medical students' learning styles and their relationships to the GPA. METHODS: One hundred 2nd year medical students took the revised version of the Index of Learning Styles (ILS) by Felder-Silverman, which was computerized. The ILS classifies individual preferences for information processing into 16 categories based on four dichotomous dimension: active/reflective, sensing/intuitive, sequential/global, visual/verbal. The GPA from the previous semester was used. RESULTS: The most frequent learning styles were reflective, sensing, sequential, and visual, covering 25% of the class. For the relationship with the GPA, we compared group means. The sensing students showed significantly higher grades than the intuitive students. Other than this result, there seemed to be no particular relationship between learning styles and GPA. This relationship should be further studied. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, medical students were categorized based on individual differences in information processing. Learning styles are expected to be helpful in designing effective learning strategies and thereby enhancing medical students' performance.
Automatic Data Processing ; Humans ; Individuality ; Learning* ; Students, Medical

PURPOSE: Inadequate calorie intake is one of the most important causes of nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFTT) and is thought to lead to multiple micronutrient deficiencies. However, there have been few studies on NOFTT and micronutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the micronutrient status of children with NOFTT. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in 161 children (106 with NOFTT and 55 health controls) at a single institution. Data on weight for age, height for age, body mass index, and biochemical parameters, indicating the children's nutritional and micronutrient status were reviewed via electronic medical records, and the two groups were compared. RESULTS: Except inorganic phosphate levels, no statistically significant differences were seen in the laboratory findings indicating the children's nutritional and micronutrient status; notably, the inorganic phosphate levels were within the normal range in both groups. We then compared the severe NOFTT (weight for age below the first percentile) and control groups; however, no statistically significant differences were seen for any of the measured parameters. CONCLUSION: Most children with NOFTT in this study had normal micronutrient levels and other laboratory findings. Therefore, element deficiencies should not be considered a natural consequence of NOFTT or in healthy children. Close monitoring and additional evaluations are needed.
Body Mass Index ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Electronic Health Records ; Failure to Thrive ; Humans ; Micronutrients ; Reference Values ; Retrospective Studies

In approximately 10% of patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI), angiography does not reveal an obstructive coronary stenosis. This is known as myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA), which has complex and multifactorial causes. However, this term can be confusing and open to dual interpretation, because MINOCA is also used to describe patients with acute myocardial injury caused by ischemia-related myocardial necrosis. Therefore, with regards to this specific context of MINOCA, the generic term for MINOCA should be replaced with troponin-positive with non-obstructive coronary arteries (TpNOCA). The causes of TpNOCA can be subcategorized into epicardial coronary (causes of MINOCA), myocardial, and extracardiac disorders. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can confirm MI and differentiate various myocardial causes, while cardiac computed tomography is useful to diagnose the extracardiac causes.

In approximately 10% of patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI), angiography does not reveal an obstructive coronary stenosis. This is known as myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA), which has complex and multifactorial causes. However, this term can be confusing and open to dual interpretation, because MINOCA is also used to describe patients with acute myocardial injury caused by ischemia-related myocardial necrosis. Therefore, with regards to this specific context of MINOCA, the generic term for MINOCA should be replaced with troponin-positive with non-obstructive coronary arteries (TpNOCA). The causes of TpNOCA can be subcategorized into epicardial coronary (causes of MINOCA), myocardial, and extracardiac disorders. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can confirm MI and differentiate various myocardial causes, while cardiac computed tomography is useful to diagnose the extracardiac causes.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to identify the significance of 24-hour postreduction ultrasonography (US) in pediatric patients with intussusception. Methods: A total of 229 patients with intussusception who were treated with saline reduction at Severance Children’s Hospital between January 2014 and September 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The 229 patients with successful saline reduction were divided into two groups: a recurrence at 24 hours group (R, n=41) and a non-recurrence group (NR, n=188). The full patient sample was divided into two groups: follow-up US (FU) or no followup US (NFU); the recurrence group was divided into follow-up (R-FU) and non-follow-up (R-NFU) subgroups, and stratified analyses were performed. Results: There were no significant differences in age, sex, laboratory findings, symptoms, and sonographic findings between the NR and R groups. In the R group, 24 patients underwent follow-up US, and 17 patients did not. Specific sonographic findings were statistically significant in the R-FU group compared to the R-NFU group (p=0.002). The R-FU group had fewer admissions (p=0.012) and longer mean hospitalization times (p<0.001) than the R-NFU group. The NFU group had a 12.2% recurrence rate, while the R-FU group recurrence rate was 25.8% (p=0.0099), suggesting that the omission of some recurrent events and follow-up US was a significant variable in the recurrence of intussusception. The median time to recurrence was 21 hours which supports the 24-hour follow-up protocol. Conclusion Twenty-four-hour follow-up US was shown to be valuable for detecting early recurrence of intussusception.

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the association between step volume and intensity with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Korean adults. Methods: The study analyzed 2,038 adults from the 2014 to 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, defining MS based on waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, glucose, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterols. Step volume and intensity were calculated using average number of steps per day and peak 30-minute cadence, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of MS by tertiles of step volume and intensity. A joint analysis was conducted to examine the combined association between step volume and intensity with the prevalence of MS. We divided the participants into nine groups according to their step volume (tertiles) and intensity (tertiles). Results: There were 478 MS cases. Compared to the lowest tertile of volume, the ORs of MS were 1.06 (95% CI, 0.79–1.42) and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.47–0.88) in the middle and highest tertile of volume. Compared to the lowest tertile of intensity, the ORs were 1.02 (95% CI, 0.76–1.36) and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.55–1.01) in the middle and highest tertile of intensity. In the joint analysis, compared to the group with both lowest volume and intensity, the ORs were significantly lower in all groups with the highest volume, except the group with the lowest intensity. Conclusion Although only greater step volume, not intensity, was independently related to MS, both step volume and intensity appear to be important for preventing MS.

PURPOSE: The efficacy of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) with a polymeric diet has not been confirmed in Korean pediatric patients with Crohn's disease (CD). This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of EEN with a specific polymeric diet (Encover®) and corticosteroids (CSs) for the induction of remission in Korean pediatric CD patients. METHODS: We retrospectively compared data from 51 pediatric CD patients who underwent induction therapy with EEN (n=19) or CSs (n=32) at Severance Children's Hospital or Incheon St. Mary's Hospital in Korea. The primary endpoint of this study was the rate of clinical remission, defined as a Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI) score < 10, after 8 weeks of induction treatment. Clinical, laboratory, and growth data at post-induction as well as their changes from baseline were also compared between groups. RESULTS: After 8 weeks of induction therapy, clinical remission rates were 78.9% (15/19) and 65.6% (21/32) in the EEN and CS groups, respectively (p=0.313). No significant differences in PCDAI scores, laboratory variables, and growth parameters were noted between the two groups at post-induction. However, significant changes in albumin levels at post-induction were observed in the EEN group compared to the CS group (p=0.038). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the effectiveness of EEN with a polymeric diet and CSs for induction therapy did not differ in Korean pediatric CD patients. EEN with a polymeric diet is a good first-line treatment option for the induction of remission in these patients.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Child ; Crohn Disease* ; Diet* ; Enteral Nutrition* ; Humans ; Incheon ; Korea ; Polymers* ; Remission Induction ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become prevalent worldwide in the last decade. However, the recent prevalence of NAFLD in adolescents has not yet been investigated in Korea. METHODS: Data were obtained from 1,416 participants aged 10–18 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2010 and 2015. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), height, weight, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and pediatric NAFLD fibrosis index (PNFI) were analyzed. RESULTS: SBP, weight, WC, BMI, WHtR, and total cholesterol level were significantly higher in 2015 than in 2010. Prevalence of NAFLD (BMI ≥ 85th percentile plus ALT > 30 U/L for boys and ALT > 19 U/L for girls) were 4.7% in 2010 and 5.9% in 2015 (P = 0.360). Using various cutoffs for the ALT level (> 40, > 30, > 25.8 U/L for boys and >22.1 U/L for girls) NAFLD prevalence rates were 3.0%, 4.1%, and 5.5% in 2010; 2.9%, 5.0%, and 7.1% in 2015, respectively (P = 0.899, 0.469, and 0.289). Boys had a higher SBP, DBP, height, weight, WC, BMI, WHtR, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, ALT, and lower HDL level than girls. The probability of liver fibrosis using the PNFI varies between 21.3% and 24.5% among NAFLD participants (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The Korean society needs to quickly control the increasing prevalence of NAFLD in adolescents and reduce its complications.
Adolescent* ; Alanine Transaminase ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Cholesterol ; Fasting ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Glucose ; Humans ; Korea ; Lipoproteins ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease* ; Nutrition Surveys ; Prevalence* ; Waist Circumference