The purpose of this study was to identify the needs which were perceived by patients who were received spinal anesthesia for surgery. The subjects consisted of 50 adult patients who were admitted to 2 university hospitals and 2 general hospitals in Pusan city and 1 general hospital in Koje City for surgery under spinal anesthesia. Thirty eight percent of subjects received information about anesthesia before the operation. The instrument for this study was developed by the researcher based on literature and a pretest. Data were collected from December 10, 1999 to February 10, 2000 and were analyzed by content analysis. The results were that there were 533 meaningful statements in the needs of spinal anesthesia patients. The needs of spinal anesthesia patients had 51 items (preoperation (6), induction of nesthesia(5), intraoperation (27), postoperation(13)) and 6 categories (information, emotional welfare, physical welfare, post anesthetic management, control of physical environment, humane treatment). From the results, it can be concluded that: 1. In the pre-operation period, we have to explain anesthesia procedures, adequate position of anesthesia, duration before anesthesia wears off and sensation of paralysis. We have to supply emotional support to relieve anxiety because of anesthesia. 2. In induction of anesthesia, we have to support patient's position for anesthesia, and relieve anxiety so that patients participate in induction of anesthesia well. 3. In intra-operative period, we have to check the level of anesthesia, and keep up a comfortable position for operation and care for physical discomfort such as thirst, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea and to maintain body temperature of the patient. Since the patient is conscious, we have to communicate with the patient to relieve anxiety, maintain privacy, inform the patient of the process of the operation and encourage the surgeon to explain the outcome of the operation. The operating team needs the careful about what they say and to place the instrument well. We have to ventilate the room air and reduce noise. 4. In the post-operative period, we have to explain the purpose and duration of bed rest, complications of anesthesia and care for physical discomfort such as pain, dysuria, headache, backache. Also we have to maintain body temperature of the patient and maintain privacy.
Adult ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Anxiety ; Back Pain ; Bed Rest ; Body Temperature ; Busan ; Dyspnea ; Dysuria ; Gyeongsangnam-do ; Headache ; Hospitals, General ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Nausea ; Noise ; Paralysis ; Privacy ; Sensation ; Thirst ; Vomiting

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a program outcomes assessment system based on Course Embedded Assessment for nursing education. METHODS: This study was conducted in accordance with the procedures of the developmental research method. RESULTS: The major results are as follows. 1) The program outcomes were measured according to the Analytic Hierarchy Process. 2) The Course Embedded Assessment matrix was made according to program outcomes' weight, the curriculum-organizing principle, and achievement levels. 3) The Course Embedded Assessment rubric was developed in logical process, and consisted of a performance criterion, and rating scale. The content validity index of the Course Embedded Assessment rubric was 0.85. 4) An evaluation guideline and 12 documents were developed to facilitate the performance of the assessment system. 5) The average content validity index of the Course Embedded Assessment-based program outcomes assessment system was as high as 0.89. CONCLUSION: A Course Embedded Assessment-based program outcomes assessment system is more suitable for accreditation of nursing education than previous studies. Because this system evaluates the process of achievement as well as program outcomes, the results can also serve as immediate feedback to improve the educational process. Above all, this system facilitates that students check their achievements and strive to acquire core competencies in nursing.
Accreditation ; Education, Nursing* ; Humans ; Logic ; Methods ; Nursing* ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care)* ; Program Evaluation

Schwann cell, one of important components of peripheral nervous system, interact with neurons to mutually support the growth and replication of embryonal nerves and to maintain the different functions of adult nerves. The Ara-C, known as an antimitotic agent, have been used to have high effectiveness in eliminating fibroblasts during Schwann cell culture period. This enrichment effect is also known to be cummulative with each successive pulse of Ara-C applied and is due to a progressive loss of fibroblasts. But the cytotoxicity by Ara-C is also cummulative and noticeable over the period. To determine the most effective application time and interval of Ara-C in the Schwann cell culture, we observed the Schwann cell purity and density with the Ara-C treatment in plain and three-dimensional culture from dorsal root ganglion of new born rat. By culturing dispersed dorsal root ganglia, we can repeatedly generate homogenous Schwann cells, and cellular morphology and cell count with mean percentages were evaluated in the plain culture dishes and in the immunostainings of S-100 and GFAP in the three-dimensional culture. The Ara-C treated cultures showed a higher Schwann cell percentage (31.0%+/-8.09% in P4 group to 65.5%+/-24.08% in P2 group), compared with that obtained in the abscence of Ara-C (17.6%+/-6.03%) in the plain culture after 2 weeks. And in the three-dimensional culture, S-100 positive cells increased to 56.22%+/-0.67% and GFAP positive cells to 66.46%+/-1.83% in G2 group (p<0.05), higher yield than other groups with Ara-C application. Therefore, we concluded that the Ara-C treatment is effective for the proliferation of Schwann cells contrast to the fibroblasts in vitro culture, and the first application after 24 hours from cell harvesting and subsequent 2 pulse treatment (P2 group in plain culture and G2 group in three-dimensional culture) was more effective than other application protocols.
Adult ; Animals ; Cell Count ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cytarabine* ; Fibroblasts ; Ganglia, Spinal* ; Humans ; Neurons ; Peripheral Nervous System ; Rats* ; Schwann Cells ; Spinal Nerve Roots*

Animals ; Axons ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Cell Separation ; Ganglia, Spinal ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Neurons ; Peripheral Nerves ; Peripheral Nervous System ; Rats ; Regeneration ; Spinal Nerve Roots