Corticosteroids (CSs) are used frequently in the neurocritical care unit mainly for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Despite their broad use, limited evidence exists for their efficacy in diseases confronted in the neurocritical care setting. There are considerable safety concerns associated with administering these drugs and should be limited to specific conditions in which their benefits outweigh the risks. The application of CSs in neurologic diseases, range from traumatic head and spinal cord injuries to central nervous system infections. Based on animal studies, it is speculated that the benefit of CSs therapy in brain and spinal cord, include neuroprotection from free radicals, specifically when given at a higher supraphysiologic doses. Regardless of these advantages and promising results in animal studies, clinical trials have failed to show a significant benefit of CSs administration on neurologic outcomes or mortality in patients with head and acute spinal injuries. This article reviews various chemical structures between natural and synthetic steroids, discuss its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, and describe their use in clinical practice.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Animals ; Brain ; Central Nervous System Infections ; Free Radicals ; Glucocorticoids ; Head ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Mortality ; Neuroprotection ; Spinal Cord ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; Spinal Injuries ; Steroids

OBJECTIVE: Although venous thromboembolism (VTE) is frequently related to dehydration, the impact of dehydration on VTE in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is not clear. This study investigated whether dehydration, as measured by blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine (Cr) ratio, influences the occurrence of VTE in patients with AIS. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of patients with AIS between January 2012 and December 2013. Patients with newly diagnosed AIS who experienced prolonged hospitalization for at least 4 weeks were included in this study. RESULTS: Of 182 patients included in this study, 17 (9.3%) suffered VTE during the follow-up period; in two cases, VTE was accompanied by deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Patients with VTE were more frequently female and had higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, more lower limb weakness, and elevated blood urea nitrogen BUN/Cr ratio on admission. In a multivariate analysis, BUN/Cr ratio >15 (odds ratio [OR] 8.75) and severe lower limb weakness (OR 4.38) were independent risk factors for VTE. CONCLUSION: Dehydration on admission in cases of AIS might be a significant independent risk factor for VTE.
Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Cerebral Infarction ; Creatinine ; Dehydration ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; Multivariate Analysis ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Pulmonary Embolism ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Stroke* ; Urea* ; Venous Thromboembolism* ; Venous Thrombosis