Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is associated with increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity. Epidemiological and clinic-based studies have shown that SDB is related to impaired glucose tolerance and increased insulin resistance, independent of obesity. Despite of a consistent association between SDB and impaired glucose-insulin metabolism, the mechanism underlying this relationship has not been fully elucidated. It is recognized that hypoxemia and hypercapnia that occur in SDB provoke sympathetic nervous activity and catecholamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine, and cortisol are released. Sympathetic hyperactivity and increased catecholamines can impair glucose homeostasis by increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, which can result in increased circulating insulin levels and increased risk of insulin resistance. A prospective study is needed to investigate the causal relationship between SDB and impaired glucose-insulin metabolism in a healthy population without diabetes, hypertension and obesity as etiologic risk factors.
Anoxia ; Catecholamines ; Epinephrine ; Gluconeogenesis ; Glucose ; Glycogenolysis ; Homeostasis ; Hydrocortisone ; Hypercapnia ; Hypertension ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Metabolism ; Norepinephrine ; Obesity ; Risk Factors ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes* ; Sleep Wake Disorders