The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the lived experience of the family caregivers with the demented elderly. For investigate purposes of this study, data collection was done from May 9th to October 16th 1997, by means of in-depth interviews with 6 individuals in caregiving families. The research question was "What are the lived experiences of being a family caregiver with the demented elderly? "All interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed for the analysis using Colaizzi's method. The main results of this study were as follows : 1) Family caregivers ascribed the cause of the dementia to 'environmental change' and the 'introverted personality of the elderly'. 2) Family caregivers let the demented elderly alone initially and then they restrained the elderly who was in a fit of dementia. 3) The coping response of family caregivers varied. The coping reponses were (1) having their moods go up and down, (2) enduring and praying, (3) avoiding the elderly, (4) hoping for release from responsibility, (5) enduring their conditions(obligations), (6) accepting the elderly, (7) taking an objective view, and (8) taking safety measures. 4) The long ordeal of coping with a demented elderly person resulted in the (1) loss of physical and psychological well-being, (2) ethical conflicts, (3) family conflicts, (4) become desperate, (5) rejection of the aging process, (6) sympathy and understanding for the elderly, (7) awareness that the support system is important and (8) hope of sharing their responsibility. The results of this study may help nurses to understand the lived experiences of the family caregivers with the demented elderly better, in order to provide more basic data for the development of educational programs for dementia family caregivers. It may help to make the coping process easier and more successful for the family members of the demented elderly.
Aged ; Aging ; Alzheimer Disease* ; Caregivers* ; Data Collection ; Dementia ; Family Conflict ; Hope ; Humans ; Linear Energy Transfer

No abstract available.
Home Care Services* ; Humans ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory*

Identification of virus is very importnant in aspects of preventive surveillance system of viral infection. The first isolation of echovirus serotype 25 from hand, foot and mouth disease was accomplished in Pusan, 1998. The authors determined some properties of this virus. Two cases of outbreak were confirmed from the stools of a 3 year-old girl and one 4 year-old boy suffering from hand, foot and mouth disease. Both occurred in April. The isolated viruses showed strong cytopathic effect on RD cells, also on HEp-2, and Vero cell lines after 3 days at 34'C, CO incubation. Isolated virus was identified as echovirus serotype 25 by neutralizing antibody test. Electron micrograph of negative-stained echovirus serotype 25 showed non-enveloped, isometric particle and about 30 nm in diameter.
Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Busan* ; Child, Preschool ; Enterovirus B, Human* ; Female ; Foot* ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease* ; Hand* ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; Humans ; Male ; Vero Cells

No abstract available.
Humans ; T-Lymphocytes*

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis itself causes not only lung parenchymal destruction but also pulmonary vascular damage. Secondary emphysema also causes pulmonary vascular damage, which can develop as a late sequela of pulmonary tuberculosis. Therefore, pulmonary circulatory impairment tends to be more severe in post-tuberculosis emphysema than in primary emphysema. In post-tuberculosis emphysema, the right ventricular function may play an important role. However, little information regarding the right ventricular function is available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the right ventricular function between post-tuberculosis emphysema and primary emphysema. METHOD: Post-tuberculosis emphysema(PTE) or primary emphysema(PE) was diagnosed by history, HRCT finding and pulmonary function. Twenty patients with post-tuberculosis emphysema were matched with 20 patients with primary emphysema according to both FEV1 and FVC. Arterial blood gas analysis and echocardiography were done at rest and immediately after symptom-limited exercise. The right ventricular function was evaluated with the right ventricular ejection fraction using a modification of Simpson's method. RESULTS: There was no significant difference inthe demographics and pulmonary function between the two groups. In post-tuberculosis emphysema, the PaCO2 was higher (42.9±4.7 vs 38.8±3.1 mmHg at rest ; 47.9±7.0 vs 41.1±5.9 mmHg after exercise ; p<0.01) and the right ventricular ejection fraction was lower (57.6±6.5 vs 61.4±4.7 % at rest ; 51.1±10.8 vs 59.8±6.6 % after exercise ; p<0.01) both at rest and after exercise. The PaO2 after exercise was also lower (65.7±12.6 vs 80.2%±14.4 mmHg, p<0.01), while the PaO2 at rest tended to be lower(82.9±12.0 vs 87.8±7.5, p>0.05). In both groups, right ventricular ejection fraction correlated with the PaO2 after exercise(PTE r=0.536, PE r=0.557), and the PaCO2 at rest(PTE r=-0.576, PE r=-0.588) and after exercise(PTE r=-0.764, PE r=-0.619). CONCLUSION: Impairment of the right heart function and gas exchange were more serious in post-tuberculosis emphysema than in primary emphysema, and gas exchange may be influenced by the right ventricular function in post-tuberculosis emphysema.
Blood Gas Analysis ; Demography ; Echocardiography ; Emphysema* ; Heart ; Humans ; Lung ; Stroke Volume ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; Ventricular Function, Right*

No Abstract Available.
Catalase* ; Streptococcus pneumoniae* ; Streptococcus*

Pulmonary vein velocities have recently been estimated in conjunction with mitral flow velocities to increase our understanding o ventricular filling. The advent of transesophageal echocardiography with pulsed Doppler imaging capability has provided a method by which both the mitral valve and pulmonary vein velocities can be easily recorded because of the posterior approach providing unimpeded interrogation of cardiac structures. The purpose of this present study was to evaluate the normal pulmonary venous, mitral and aortic flow pattern by transthoracic echocardiography in neonate according to the postnatal age. The results were as follows. 1) With regard to the aortic flow, the early systolic was of pulmonary flow peaked after the onset of aortic flow and the late systolic wave occured consistently before aortic valve closure. 2) The peak velocities of early systolic, late systolic, late systolic, diastolic and atrial systolic in the pulmonary venous flow were 36.4 (13.2cm/sec, 45.3 (15.3cm/sec, 48.5 (14.1cm/sec and 16.6( 5.7cm/sec at 1 day old. the difference according to the postnatal age was not significant. 3) The ratio of peak systolic to peak distolic velocity of pulmonary venous flow was 1.0( 0.3 at 1 day o1, 1.1( 0.4 at 1 week old and 1.2 (0.3 at 1 month old. The difference between old and 1 month old was statistically significant(p<0.05). 4) The peak early diastolic velocity of mitral flow was 51.3 (15.2cm/sec at 1 day old, 54.7( 13.7cm/sec at 1 week old and 80.7 (16.6cm/sec at 1 month old. The difference between 1 week old and 1month old was statistically significant(p<0.01). 5) The peak late diastolic velocity of mitral flow was 48.3 (14.6cm/sec at 1 day old, 50.1( 9.9cm/sec at 1 week old and 71.8 (16.6cm/sec at 1 month old. The difference between 1 week old and 1 month old was statistically significant(p<0.01). 6) The ratio of peak mitral early diastolic to peak late diastolic velocity was 1.1( 0.2 at 1 day old, 1.1( 0.3 at 1 week old and 1.2( 0.7at 1 month old. The difference between 1 week old and 1 month old was statistically significant(p<0.01). 7) The peak aortic valve flow velocity was 62.1 (14.2cm/sec at 1 day old, 67.8 13.4cm/sec at 1 week old and 76.6 14.1cm/sec at 1 month old. The difference between old and 1 month old was statistically significant(p<0.05). In conclusion, improvement of left ventricular diastolic function was noted at 1 month old by echocardiography. These normal data will be useful in comprisons with the data, which obtained in newborn with various congenital heart disease that affects flow dynamics.
Aortic Valve ; Echocardiography ; Echocardiography, Doppler* ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Mitral Valve ; Pulmonary Veins

No abstract available.
Down Syndrome* ; Humans ; Infant* ; Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute*

No abstract available.

We present an autopsy case of signet ring cell carcinoma of urinary bladder which underwent widespread metastsis through nearly entire organ. The patient, 45-year old male, suffered from hematuria, dysuria and flank pain for 6 months. Under the diagnosis of the signet ring cell carcinoma by the cystoscopic biopsy, radical cystectomy and ileocutaneous ureteral division were performed. But he died after 11-months after the diagnosis. The autopsy confirmed the widespread metastasis at the lung, kidney, adrenal gland, parathyroid gland, heart, stomach, ileum, spine, rib and meninges. The preveously resected urinary bladder discolosed the well defined fungating mass at the dome and anterio-lateral portion without apparent evidence of the remnant of the urachus. Histologically, the signet ring cells were predominent and focally mucinous pool floating the signet ring cells was noted. We could find several foci of the well differentiated adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas. The above findings may reflect that the origin of carcinoma may be from the multipotential transitional cell epithelium.
Adenocarcinoma ; Neoplasm Metastasis