Although the ultrasonography has been regarded as a main procedure in the diagnosis of gallbladder diseases, no many papers concerning the ultrasonographic findings of gallbladder empyema appeared in the literature. Twenty-four cases of surgically proven gallbladder empyema were studied by ultrasonography in our hospital during last 15 months. The results were as follows; 1. The size of gallbladder was enlarged in 18 cases. 2. The thicknessof gallbladder wall was more than 3mm in 16 cases. 3. The echogenicity of gallbladder wall was diminished in all cases. the inner margin of gallblaldder wall was also ill-defined in all cases. These findings are considered to be important in the diagnosis of gallbladder empyema. 4. The internal echogenicity of gallbladder (diffuse or localized) was positive in 16 cases and negative in the remainders. The echo genility was thought to beproportional to the amount of pus in gallbladder. 5. The 7 cases presented periocholecystic sonolucent area hadperforation of gallbladder and pericholecystic abscess. 6. Gallstone was found in 17 cases.
Abscess ; Cholecystitis ; Diagnosis ; Gallbladder Diseases ; Gallbladder ; Gallstones ; Suppuration ; Ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Plasminogen Activators* ; Plasminogen* ; Pulmonary Embolism*

OBJECTIVEs: Cytogenetic investigations were carried out on 770 women with primary (n=560) and secondary amenorrhea (n=210) to determine the frequency of chromosomal or genetic causes of amenorrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 770 women with primary amenorrhea (n=560) and secondary amenorrhea (n=210), chromosomal analysis were performed. RESULTS: 1) The most prevalent age group is 16-20 years of age group with primary amenorrhea and 26-30 years of age group with secondary amenorrhea. 2) Out of 560 cases of primary amenorrhea, 343 cases (61.3%) had the normal chromosome constitution and 217 cases (38.7%) had the abnormal chromosome constitution including 46,XY. 3) In 217 cases of abnormal chromosome of primary amenorrhea, 57 cases (26.3%) had 45,X and 34 cases (15.8%) had the 46,XY, 24 cases (11.0%) had 45,X/46,X,i (Xq), 23 cases (10.6%) had 45,X/46,X,+mar and 14 cases (6.6%) had 45,X/46,XY. 4) Out of 210 cases of secondary amenorrhea, 181 cases (86.2%) had the normal chromosome constitution and 29 cases (13.8%) had 45,X/46,XX. CONCLUSION: High percentage of chromosomal abnormalities was diagnosed in primary amenorrhea and most of them were sex chromosome anomalies. In secondary amenorrhea, the prevalence was lower than primary amenorrhea, so a preselection of patients with secondary amenorrhea for cytogenetic investigations seems to be necessary.
Amenorrhea* ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Constitution and Bylaws ; Cytogenetics* ; Female ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Sex Chromosomes

In order to evaluate the value of vertebral angiography in assessment of hemifacial spasm, we reviewed retrospectively the vertebral angiography of 28 patients(30 cases) with surgically proved hemifacial spasm but normal CT scans of posterior fossa. There were 9 males and 19 females. Angiography revealed vascular focus of hemifacial spasm located at anterior inferior cerebellar artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery, and vertebral artery in 19, 9, and 2 cases respectively. Right side was involved in 20 cases. All involved vessels were elongated, tortuous, and dilated. In conclusion, vertebral angiography was valuable in evaluating hemifacial spasm of vascular origin in the posterior fossa.
Angiography* ; Arteries ; Female ; Hemifacial Spasm* ; Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Vertebral Artery

A case of seminoma of the cryptorchism, found in 34 years old Korean male is reported. In Campbell's series, the incidence of malignancy in cryptorchism is claimed to be 35 times greater than in the normally descended testicle. A case of seminoma of the cryptorchism is added to literature.
Adult ; Cryptorchidism* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Seminoma* ; Testis

Osteochondritis dissecans occurs most commonly in knee joint and often in elbow, ankle, shoulder, hip than in other joint. In osteochondiritis dissecans, an area of subchondral bone undergoes avascular necrosis and degenerative change ususlly occurs in cartilage overlying it. During the course of disease, unless interrupted by treatment or spontaneous healing, the necrotic bone and cartilage seperates from adjacent bone and cartilage and together becomes loose body. To promote healing, the proper treatment is necessary before degenerative change developes. The authors reviewed 11 cases of osteochondritis dissecans which recieved treatment at Severance hospital from January 1972 to December 1981. The results were obtained as follows: 1. The incidence of osteochondritis dissecans in male was a little more frequent than that of female and 50% were observed in the age of 16 to 30 years. 2. The most common symptom and sign was pain and limitation of motion, instability senastion, tenderness, snapping sound in order of frequency. 3. The most common area involved was the knee in 9 cases, 5 cases involved the medial femoral condyle, 4 cases involved the lateral femoral condyle. The ankle and elbow was 1 case for each. 4. Eight(72.7%) of 11 cases had history of trauma. 5. Among 9 cases of knee inlovement, 5 (55.6%) cases were associated with rupture of meniscus. 6. The methods of treatment were as follows. Conservative..................................................................1 Operative Curettage and drilling........................................................6 Excision......................................................................3 Curettage and bone graft.......................................................1 Internal fixation..............................................................1 7. Conservative treatment was performed in one case, but failed. So, all 11 cases recieved operative treatment and obtained satisfactory results in 72.8%.
Ankle ; Cartilage ; Curettage ; Elbow ; Female ; Hip ; Humans ; Incidence ; Joints ; Knee ; Knee Joint ; Male ; Necrosis ; Osteochondritis Dissecans ; Osteochondritis ; Rupture ; Shoulder

The authors studied 126 cases (90 patients) of proven avascuar necrosis of femoral head inadult during theperiod from Jan. 1975 to May 1982 at Kyung Hee University Hospital. The results were as follows; 1. The sex ratiowas 63 males to 27 females and the peak incidence of age was in the fifth decade. 2.Among the 90 patients, thecause and conditions associated with avascular necrosis were idiopathic in 33 cases, femoral neck fracture in 32cases, chronic alcholism in 9 cases, anti-inflammatory drugs abuse in 6 cases, corticosteroid therapy in 5 cases,caisson's disease in 2 cases, hip dislocation in 2 cases and macromolecular storage disease in 1 case, in theorder of frequency. 3. Excluding 34 patients of avascular necrosis associaited with trauma, bilateral lesion was36 patients(64.3%) among the 56 patients. 4. The radiographic features in femoral head were variable, such as 118cases of central increased density surrounded by lucent zone, encompassed by dense rim, 110 cases of collapsedarticular cortex and 16 cases of intact articular cortex, 91 cases of flattening of femoral head, 79 cases ofcrescent sign, 51 cases of fragmentation of osteonecrotic segment, 47 cases of superimposed degenerativearthritis, 5 cases of patchy increased density, and 3 cases of no radiographic change. 5. The bone scintigraphywith Tc-99m-MDP was performed in 11 patients (15 cases) and its finding in femoral head were 8 cases of increasedradioactivity, 4 cases of mixed increased and decreased radioactivity, and 3 cases of absent radioactivity. 6. Itwas our belief that comparative study of plain radiographs and bone scintigraphy would be useful in earlydiagnosis and tratment planning of avascular necrosis of femoral head.
Adult ; Female ; Femoral Neck Fractures ; Head ; Hip Dislocation ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Necrosis ; Radioactivity ; Radionuclide Imaging

Purpose: Dislocation is the second most common cause of failure, after implant loosening, in revisional THA (Total hip arthroplasty), and its evaluation and treatment still remain controversial issue. This study was undertaken to evaluate the risk factors after THA using the posterolateral approach and posterior soft tissue repair. Materials and Methods: Between January 1998 and May 2003, 211 consecutive primary total hip replacement arthroplasties using the posterolateral approach and posterior soft tissue repair were performed by the same surgeon. To compare the dislocation groups (6 cases) with the non-dislocation groups (205 cases), we randomized 120 of the non-dislocation cases. The risk factors for hip dislocation were categorized into patient factors and surgical factors. Patient factors included gender, age, preoperative diagnosis, underlying systemic disease, and alcoholic history. Surgical factors included position of the component (acetabular version and inclination, femoral anteversion), leg length discrepancy, and sum of anteversions of the cup and stem. Their parameters were measured on postoperative radiographs. Statistics were performed with Fishe`s Exact test and T test. Results: Dislocations occurred at an overall incidence rate of 2.8% (6/211cases). There were 4 (1.9%) cases of anterior dislocations and 2 (0.9%) cases of posterior dislocations. Dislocations occurred on average at postoperative day 6.1 and all dislocated hips were reduced with the closed method, except for one case that was treated surgically. There was no statistical significance in patient factors between the two groups, except for neurologic disease and alcoholic history. However, the sum of the acetabular and femoral anteversions in the anterior dislocation group was larger than that of the non-dislocation group by approximately 19 degrees. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that by using the posterior approach and repair of soft tissue, the posterior dislocation rate after total hip replacement arthroplasty can be reduced and the sum of the acetabular and femoral anteversions had more influence on dislocations after THAs than did either anteversion alone.
Acetabulum ; Alcoholics ; Arthroplasty ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip* ; Diagnosis ; Dislocations ; Hip Dislocation* ; Hip* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Leg ; Risk Factors*

This report concerns a rare malignant smooth muscle neoplasm of the skin and the subcutaneous tissue, which was examined immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. It occured in a 48-year-old female patient who had suffered from painful nodules on the left shoulder. The nodules were removed and diagnosed as a benign fibrohistiocytic tumor. One year after local excision, multiple nodules were detected by physical examination at the previous operation site. Grossly, thirteen well-defined small nodules had spread in the dermis and the subcutaneous tissue, of which nine were located from lower dermis to the subcutaneous tissue and four were in the subcutaneous tissue. Histologically, each nodule consisted mainly of epithelioid tumor cells having eosinophilic or clear plump cytoplasm and round to oval nuclei with small nucleoli, and some peripheral spindle tumor cells. The tumor cells were negative for PAS reaction with and without diastase digestion or alcian blue. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for smooth muscle actin and vimentin. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells showed actin filaments and dense bodies in cytoplasm. This case was diagnosed as an epithelioid leiomyosarcoma of the skin and the subcutaneous tissue with local metastasis one year after local excision.
Actin Cytoskeleton ; Actins ; Alcian Blue ; Amylases ; Cytoplasm ; Dermis ; Digestion ; Eosinophils ; Female ; Humans ; Leiomyosarcoma* ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Smooth ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction ; Physical Examination ; Shoulder ; Skin* ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Vimentin

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation is to determine the frequency of chromosomal or genetic causes of recurrent spontaneous abortion. METHODS : A cytogenetic study was made in of 921 couples for 13 years from January 1984 to December 1997 in which the woman was ascertained to have had two or more spontaneous abortions at our Cytogenetic Laboratory, Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Seoul National University. RESULTS : The overall incidence of chromosome anomaly was 80 out of 921 (8.7%). There were 34 cases (3.69%) of reciprocal balanced translocation and 13 cases (1.41%) of Robertsonian translocation. Also 17 cases (1.85%) of inversion and 5 cases (0.54%) of X chromosome mosiacism was observed. In the case of reciprocal balanced translocation, chromosome 8,6,7,13 were preferentially involved over others. And in the case of Robertsonian translocation, chromosome 13 was preferentially involved. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that cytogenetic analysis is indicated in couples with 2 or more spontaneous abortion and about half of these disorders are reciprocal balanced or Robertsonian translocations.
Abortion, Spontaneous* ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13 ; Cytogenetic Analysis ; Cytogenetics* ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Pregnancy ; Reproductive Medicine ; Seoul ; X Chromosome