No abstract available.
Cryotherapy* ; Stomatitis*

PURPOSE: To investigate the level of depression and self management behavior in patients with diabetes. METHOD: From May to August 2004, 124 diabetic patients 18 years or older were surveyed using the Korean version of the BDI, the self-management scale by Toobert(2000) and hospital lab data for HbAl, FBS and Blood Sugar-2hr. RESULTS: 1. Mean score on the BDI for the patients was 10.85 points. The score on the BDI was significantly higher in hyperglycemic patients than in normoglycemic patients. 2. The level of self management for the past week showed care on an average of 4.2 days. According to level of depression, patients in the normal group and patients in the mild group had significantly higher levels of self management than those in the moderate group. 3. According to level of depression, patients in the normal group had significantly lower levels of blood glucose than those in the moderate group, and for HbAlc and FBS those in the mild group had lower levels compared to those in the moderate group. 4. The factors significantly associated with level of self management were depression (25.66%) and duration of illness. CONCLUSION: Programs should be developed to combat depression in patients with diabetes in order to increase compliance through self care management and thus increase of blood glucose levels.
Blood Glucose ; Compliance ; Depression* ; Diabetes Mellitus* ; Humans ; Self Care*

PURPOSE: This study was done to investigate the degree of self-care, family support and depression, and relationship among these variables for elder with diabetes mellitus. METHOD: Participants were 202 diabetic patients, 65 years or over, living in Seoul, Korea. Data were collected using the self-care tool for diabetic patients by Kim (1996), the family support tool for diabetic patients by Park (1984), and Korea\' s BDI scale by Lee (1995). RESULTS: Of the patients, 43.1% showed HbA1c levels than higher 7%. The highest mean score was for self-care for medication compliance, and the lowest for blood glucose testing compliance. Factors affecting self-care were employment, education, HbA1c level, diabetic self-care education and complications. Factors affecting family support were living with family, diabetic self-care education, hospitalization and complications. Factors affecting depression were gender, living with family and complications. All of these factors were significant. Patients experiencing depression were 16.8% of patients. There was a significant positive correlation between self-care and family support, and significant negative correlations between self-care and depression, and family support and depression. CONCLUSION: For more effective management of diabetes mellitus in elders, improvement in self-care compliance, and family support are needed
Aged ; Blood Glucose ; Compliance ; Depression ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Employment ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Korea ; Medication Adherence ; Self Care

PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the relationship between the level of emotional labor and occupational job stress of hospital nursing staff. METHODS: The survey was conducted from Mar. to Oct. 2009 to collect data from clinical nurses (N=496). RESULTS: The study showed that nurses without religion and those working in big-sized hospitals had higher scores in emotional labor, and those of 26~30 years old felt the highest stress in the occupational role. The same applied to the married, more work experienced, atheist and those working in big-sized hospitals. Unmarried, under educated nurses with less work experience working in the big-sized hospitals showed higher scores in personal strain. The scores of the personal resources depended on religion, work experience, marital status and position of their jobs. Emotional labor was positively correlated with an occupational role and personal strain, respectively, but the emotional labor, occupational role and personal strain were negatively correlated with personal resources respectively. CONCLUSION: Intervention program is required to reduce overload of nurse's role and to relieve physical and psychological strains of the under-30-age-group. Also, social support and rational/cognitive coping must be reinforced.
Humans ; Marital Status ; Nurse's Role ; Nursing Staff, Hospital ; Single Person ; Sprains and Strains

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop health education program components for early childhood and to investigate teachers' awareness of the importance of health education and their performance rate of health education. METHODS: Early childhood health education program components were developed using two rounds of the Delphi method. The Delphi group consisted of 21 experts in childhood education. After health education program components were developed, they were used in surveying child care teachers' awareness of importance and performance rate and 151 teachers sampled from 30 child care centers participated in the survey. RESULTS: The early childhood health education program components consisted of 5 areas, 16 subjects and 33 specific contents. Early childhood teachers' awareness of importance was over 4.5 points in all the areas and in 11 out of the 16 subjects. The most frequently educated subjects were 'the importance of hand washing' and the least frequently educated subject was 'obesity prevention'. The teachers' awareness of importance and their performance rate of specific contents were high in 'maintaining order' and 'using children's rides safely,' and low in 'obesity prevention' and 'infectious disease prevention.' CONCLUSION: The components of this health program were developed in consideration of field feasibility and the relationship of health program education in elementary, middle and high school.
Child ; Child Care ; Education ; Hand ; Health Education* ; Humans

PURPOSE: To confirm the effect of tailored life style improvement program, provided by occupational health nurse for hypertensive workers on their blood pressure, self-efficacy, and life style changes in workplace. METHOD: The experimental and control group of thirty subjects each were randomly assigned for those who agreed to participate in the study among the pre-hypertensive workers. The tailored life style improvement program was provided to the experimental group and conducted once a week for 8 weeks. This program was composed of exercise and low salt diet to control high blood pressure and weight, and the measurement of carbon monoxide for non-smoking inducement. RESULT: In the experimental group, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly decreased while self-efficacy increased after the program compared to the control group. Smoking and drinking habits of the experimental group were significantly decreased whereas exercise and nutritional habits were significantly improved compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The tailored life style improvement program provided by occupational health nurses for the hypertensive workers was positively affected on their blood pressure, self-efficacy and life style changes in workplace.
Blood Pressure ; Carbon Monoxide ; Diet ; Drinking ; Hypertension ; Life Style ; Occupational Health ; Smoke ; Smoking

PURPOSE: This study was to evaluate the validity of the Pediatric Index of Mortality II(PIM II). METHOD: The first values on PIM II variables following ICU admission were collected from the patient's charts of 548 admissions retrospectively in three ICUs(medical, surgical, and neurosurgical) at P University Hospital and a cardiac ICU at D University Hospital in Busan from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2003. Data was analyzed with the SPSSWIN 10.0 program for the descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient, standardized mortality ratio(SMR), validity index(sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value), and AUC of ROC curve. RESULT: The mortality rate was 10.9%(60 cases) and the predicted death rate was 9.5%. The correlation coefficient(r) between observed and expected death rates was .929(p<.01) and SMR was 1.15. Se, Sp, pPv, nPv, and the correct classification rate were .80, .96, .70, .98, and 94.0% respectively. In addition, areas under the curve(AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic(ROC) was 0.954(95% CI=0.919~0.989). According to demographic characteristics, mortality was underestimated in the medical group and overestimated in the surgical group. In addition, the AUCs of ROC curve were generally high in all subgroups. CONCLUSION: The PIM II showed a good, so it can be utilized for the subject hospital.
Severity of Illness Index ; Male ; *Intensive Care Units, Pediatric ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant ; Humans ; *Hospital Mortality ; Female ; Child, Preschool ; *Child Mortality ; Child ; Adolescent

E-cadherin is a calcium-dependent epithelial adhesion molecule which plays a role in the initial step of invasion of cancer cells. The step that follows the migration of separated tumor cells is a proteolytic lysis of basement membrane and extracellular matrix by protease of epithelial and endothelial cells such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to be an endothelial cell-specific powerful mitogen as well as a vascular permeability factor. This study is aimed to evaluate the correlation between expression of these factors and pathologic or clinical variables and the roles and prognostic significance of those factors in squmous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung. Immunohistochemical stains were performed for E-cadherin, MMP-2, and VEGF in surgically resected specimens from 90 patients with squmous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung. Mean age of the patients was 59.7 years. Histologic type was categorized into 56 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 34 cases of adenocarcinoma. Mean survival period of the 35 patients was 54 months. The immunohistochemical stains for E-cadherin, MMP-2, and VEGF revealed positive reaction in 67 cases (74.4%), 43 cases (47.8%), and 34 cases (37.8%), respectively. The expression of E-cadherin was higher in adenocarcinoma (82.4%) than in squamous cell carcinoma (69.6%). MMP-2 was expressed in the tumor cells, especially those invading into the surrounding stroma. The expression of MMP-2 was significantly correlated with the survival rate (p<0.05). The expression of VEGF in the tumor cells was significantly higher in cases with lymph node metastasis (p<0.05). In conclusion, these findings suggest that the expression of MMP-2 and VEGF predict poor prognosis of patients with squmous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung and that VEGF may play a role in tumor metastasis.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Basement Membrane ; Cadherins* ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Coloring Agents ; Endothelial Cells ; Extracellular Matrix ; Humans ; Lung* ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Survival Rate ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A*

PURPOSE: This study was to develop, implement, and evaluate an e-learning education program for improving practical knowledge and preventing nursing errors and adverse events of nurses working in the operating room (OR). METHOD: The e-learning program was developed and evaluated according to the following processes: 1) preparation phase 2) implementation phase 3) evaluation phase. In evaluation phase, the effectiveness was analyzed based on the Kirkpatrick's model. RESULTS: The e-learning program consisted of OR basic nursing skills and techniques and nursing activities' manual based on the categories of nursing errors: surgical operation preparation, nursing skills and techniques, environment management, patient safety and comfort, and patient monitoring. The program was provided through on-line, http:// cafe.daum.net/pnuhorn, for 4 weeks. The mean score(percent) of participants' satisfaction was 21.24+/-1.71(68.2%). Their total knowledge level was significantly improved(Z=-3.00, p=.003) and specifically in the category of environment management(Z=-3.77, p<.001) and patient monitoring(Z=-2.46, p=.014). The occurrence of nursing errors or adverse events was a little decreased, but not statistically significant(Z= -3.10, p=.756). CONCLUSION: E-learning for nurses is one way of effective and efficient teaching-learning strategies. For better e-learning, it is important to develop the vital content of the education and objective measures for detecting nursing errors and adverse events.
Education* ; Education, Nursing, Continuing ; Humans ; Medical Errors ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; Nursing* ; Operating Rooms* ; Patient Safety ; Program Development ; Program Evaluation

The purpose of this study was to examine the interrelations among current status of nutrition education, satisfaction with school lunch, school lunch leftovers and self-rated mental or physical health in order to find out the effective method of nutrition education. For this, a questionnaire survey of 623 primary school 5th and 6th-graders in Daejeon area was carried out. The eating places were classrooms (41.1%) and restaurants (58.9%). A 59.2% of students have received nutrition education and the opportunity of receiving nutrition education was more in 5th-graders than in 6th-graders (p < 0.001). The score of nutrition knowledge was 9.4 +/- 2.8 out of 15. When the score of nutrition knowledge was higher, the practical use of nutrition knowledge was higher (r = 0.134, p < 0.01); the score of school lunch leftovers were less (r = -0.116, p < 0.01); and the score of self-rated mental health was more positive (r = 0.198, p < 0.01). The practical use of nutrition knowledge was 2.9 +/- 1.1 out of 5. When the practical use of nutrition knowledge was higher, satisfaction with school lunch was higher (r = 0.105, p < 0.01); school lunch leftovers were less (r = -0.103, p < 0.01); the score of self-rated positive mental health was higher (r = 0.293, p < 0.01); and the scores of self-rated negative mental health (r = -0.119, p < 0.05) and physical health (r = -0.126, p < 0.01) were lower, thus rating their health more positively. The score of satisfaction with school lunch was 3.4 +/- 1.0 out of 5. When the satisfaction with school lunch was higher, the score of school lunch leftovers was less (r = -0.216, p < 0.01); the score of self-rated positive mental health was higher (r = 0.147, p < 0.01); and the score of self-rated negative health was lower (r = -0.121, p < 0.01). The score of school lunch leftovers was 2.9 +/- 1.4 out of 5. When the school lunch leftovers were less, self-rated positive mental health was significantly higher (r = -0.146, p < 0.01); and the scores of self-rated negative mental health (r = 0.135, p < 0.01) and physical health (r = 0.223, p < 0.01) were significantly lower, thus presenting positive health. Therefore, in order to maintain positive health condition, it is necessary to carry out nutrition education, which is able to raise the nutrition knowledge and practical use of nutrition knowledge, school lunch satisfaction and to reduce the school lunch leftovers.
Child ; Eating ; Humans ; Lunch ; Mental Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Restaurants