The aim of this study was to develop evidence-based recommendations for determining the surgical extent in patients with locally invasive differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Locally invasive DTC with gross extrathyroidal extension invading surrounding anatomical structures may lead to several functional deficits and poor oncological outcomes. At present, the optimal extent of surgery in locally invasive DTC remains a matter of debate, and there are no adequate guidelines. On October 8, 2021, four experts searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases; the identified papers were reviewed by 39 experts in thyroid and head and neck surgery. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess the quality of evidence, and to develop and report recommendations. The strength of a recommendation reflects the confidence of a guideline panel that the desirable effects of an intervention outweigh any undesirable effects, across all patients for whom the recommendation is applicable. After completing the draft guidelines, Delphi questionnaires were completed by members of the Korean Society of Head and Neck Surgery. Twenty-seven evidence-based recommendations were made for several factors, including the preoperative workup; surgical extent of thyroidectomy; surgery for cancer invading the strap muscles, recurrent laryngeal nerve, laryngeal framework, trachea, or esophagus; and surgery for patients with central and lateral cervical lymph node involvement. Evidence-based guidelines were devised to help clinicians make safer and more efficient clinical decisions for the optimal surgical treatment of patients with locally invasive DTC.

Objectives: . Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCs) are frequently diagnosed at the locoregional advanced stage (stage IVa), but controversy remains regarding whether stage IVa HSNCs should be treated with upfront surgery or definitive chemoradiation therapy (CRT). The purpose of this study was to compare overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with stage IVa HNSC treated primarily by surgery with curative intent with/without (neo)adjuvant treatment (surgery group) versus those treated primarily with CRT (CRT group). Methods: . We reviewed data of 1,033 patients with stage IVa HNSC treated with curative intent at 17 cancer centers between 2010 and 2016. Results: . Among 1,033 patients, 765 (74.1%) received upfront surgery and 268 (25.9%) received CRT. The 5-year OS and DFS rates were 64.4% and 62.0% in the surgery group and 49.5% and 45.4% in the CRT group, respectively. In multivariate analyses, OS and DFS were better in the surgery group than in the CRT group (odds ratio [OR] for death, 0.762; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.592–0.981; OR for recurrence, 0.628; 95% CI, 0.492–0.802). In subgroup analyses, the OS and DFS of patients with oropharyngeal cancer were better in the surgery group (OR for death, 0.548; 95% CI, 0.341–0.879; OR for recurrence, 0.598; 95% CI, 0.377–0.948). In the surgery group, patients with laryngeal cancer showed better OS (OR for death, 0.432; 95% CI, 0.211–0.882), while those with hypopharyngeal cancer DFS was improved (OR for recurrence, 0.506; 95% CI, 0.328–0.780). Conclusion . A survival benefit from surgery may be achieved even in patients with stage IVa HNSC, particularly those with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. Surgery led to a reduction in the recurrence rate in patients with hypopharyngeal cancer.

Objectives: . Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCs) are frequently diagnosed at the locoregional advanced stage (stage IVa), but controversy remains regarding whether stage IVa HSNCs should be treated with upfront surgery or definitive chemoradiation therapy (CRT). The purpose of this study was to compare overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with stage IVa HNSC treated primarily by surgery with curative intent with/without (neo)adjuvant treatment (surgery group) versus those treated primarily with CRT (CRT group). Methods: . We reviewed data of 1,033 patients with stage IVa HNSC treated with curative intent at 17 cancer centers between 2010 and 2016. Results: . Among 1,033 patients, 765 (74.1%) received upfront surgery and 268 (25.9%) received CRT. The 5-year OS and DFS rates were 64.4% and 62.0% in the surgery group and 49.5% and 45.4% in the CRT group, respectively. In multivariate analyses, OS and DFS were better in the surgery group than in the CRT group (odds ratio [OR] for death, 0.762; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.592–0.981; OR for recurrence, 0.628; 95% CI, 0.492–0.802). In subgroup analyses, the OS and DFS of patients with oropharyngeal cancer were better in the surgery group (OR for death, 0.548; 95% CI, 0.341–0.879; OR for recurrence, 0.598; 95% CI, 0.377–0.948). In the surgery group, patients with laryngeal cancer showed better OS (OR for death, 0.432; 95% CI, 0.211–0.882), while those with hypopharyngeal cancer DFS was improved (OR for recurrence, 0.506; 95% CI, 0.328–0.780). Conclusion . A survival benefit from surgery may be achieved even in patients with stage IVa HNSC, particularly those with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. Surgery led to a reduction in the recurrence rate in patients with hypopharyngeal cancer.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of undergraduate nursing student adaptation to college life and investigate the factors that influenced that adaptation. METHODS: First-year (undergraduate) students attending three nursing colleges were surveyed from November 24 through December 5, 2014; and data from 206 respondents were analyzed. For data analysis, multiple regression analysis was performed using the SPSS WIN 18.0 program. RESULTS: The findings showed that age (p=.002), emotional intelligence (p<.001), and self-efficacy (p<.001) were significant variables that influenced first-year undergraduate nursing student adaptation to college life. Undergraduate nursing student adaptation was explained by self-efficacy (beta=.327, p<.001), emotional intelligence (beta=.222, p=.001), satisfaction with education in their academic major (beta=-.217, p<.001), and academic achievement (beta=.136, p=.018); and, the explanatory power of these variables was 41.2%. CONCLUSION: To facilitate undergraduate nursing student adaptation to college life prior to clinical practice, developing and apply programs to improve self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, satisfaction with education in their major, and academic achievement is deemed necessary.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Emotional Intelligence ; Humans ; Nursing ; Statistics as Topic ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: This study was performed to analyze human maxillary and mandibular trabecular bone using the data acquired from micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and to characterize the site-specific microstructures of trabeculae. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-nine cylindrical bone specimens were prepared from the mandible and maxilla. They were divided into 5 groups by region: the anterior maxilla, posterior maxilla, anterior mandible, posterior mandible, and mandibular condyle. After the specimens were scanned using a micro-CT system, three-dimensional microstructural parameters such as the percent bone volume, bone specific surface, trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, trabecular number, structure model index, and degrees of anisotropy were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the regions other than the condylar area, the anterior mandibular region showed the highest trabecular thickness and the lowest value for the bone specific surface. On the other hand, the posterior maxilla region showed the lowest trabecular thickness and the highest value for the bone specific surface. The degree of anisotropy was lowest at the anterior mandible. The condyle showed thinner trabeculae with a more anisotropic arrangement than the other mandibular regions. CONCLUSION: There were microstructural differences between the regions of the maxilla and mandible. These results suggested that different mechanisms of external force might exist at each site.
Anisotropy ; Hand ; Humans* ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Jaw* ; Mandible ; Mandibular Condyle ; Maxilla

Glomus tumors are benign lesions that originate from modified smooth muscle cells of the glomus body. These tumors are commonly observed in the dermis or subcutis, but they are only rarely found in the stomach. We describe here a 37-year- old male patient who presented with intermittent epigastric pain and in whom a submucosal tumor was encountered during performance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. A gastrofibroscopy demonstrated a 12 mm sized submucosal mass with central ulceration on the greater curvature-posterior wall of the high body. Endoscopic ultrasonography revealed a circumscribed inhomogeneneous hypo- echoic mass with a focal hyperechoic mass in the third layer of the stomach. We resected the entire mass using an endoscopic resection technique, and there were no complications. Histologically, the tumor cells had uniform small nucleuses with inconspicuous nucleoli. Immunochemical analysis of the tumor cells showed positivity for smooth muscle actin and negativity for CD34, KIT, S100 protein and desmin. This is the first case of a glomus tumor of the stomach that was resected by endoscopic resection.
Actins ; Dermis ; Desmin ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal ; Endosonography ; Glomus Tumor ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Smooth ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; Stomach ; Ulcer

We experienced a rare case of trachea diverticula combined with the sequela of tuberculosis and a fungus ball. The patient had complained of coughing and hemoptysis for a long time after experiencing tuberculosis. He was admitted due to hemoptysis and the aggravation of coughing. The CT scan showed a variable sized trachea diverticula combined with tuberculosis sequela and a fungus ball in the right lung fields. The diagnosis was made by bronchoscopy and a CT scan. After bronchial artery embolization and conservative treatment, the patient's symptoms improved and the patient was discharged.
Bronchial Arteries ; Bronchoscopy ; Cough ; Diagnosis ; Diverticulum* ; Fungi* ; Hemoptysis* ; Humans ; Lung ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Trachea ; Tuberculosis*

PURPOSE: C4d detection in peritubular capillaries in acute allograft rejection has been regarded as a poor prognostic factor for graft kidney survival. We investigated the clinical importance of C4d positivity in renal transplant recipients with acute rejection. METHODS: Forty eight renal allograft biopsies were selected, which were available for immunofluorescence study. The samples were divided into two groups, one which was diagnosed as acute rejection clinically (n=30), the other which underwent protocol biopsy 2 weeks after transplantation (n=18). Among the acute rejection group, C4d staining was positive in 50% of acute rejection cases (C4d (+), n=15) and negative in the others. (C4d (-), n=15). We compared the C4d (+) group and the C4d (-) group in terms of clinical parameters and graft survival duration. RESULTS: Renal function was reduced in the C4d (+) group compared to the C4d (-) group. In the C4d (+) group, 8 of 15 cases resulted in graft loss, but only one graft loss developed in the C4d (-) group. Graft survival duration after kidney biopsy was reduced in the C4d (+) group compared to the C4d (-) group. CONCLUSION: Renal transplant recipient with C4d-positive acute rejection shows inferior graft survival duration. So tight management in addition to steroid pulse therapy should be considered for these patients.
Allografts ; Biopsy ; Capillaries ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Graft Survival ; Humans ; Kidney ; Kidney Transplantation ; Transplantation* ; Transplants

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the problems and relevant variables for effective Organizational Socialization of new nurses, to produce a causal map, to build up a simulation model and to test its validity. METHOD: The basic data was collected from Sep. 2002 to July 2003. The Organizational Socialization process of new nurses was analyzed through a model simulation. The VENSIM 5.0b DSS program was used to develop the study model. RESULT: This Model shows interrelation of these result variables: organizational commitment, job satisfaction, job performance, intention of leaving the work setting, decision making ability, and general results of Organizational Socialization. The model's factors are characteristic of organization and individual values, task-related knowledge and skills, and emotion and communication that affects new nurses' socialization process. These elements go through processes of anticipatory socialization, encounter, change and acquisition. The Model was devised to induce effective Organizational Socialization results within 24 months of its implementation. The basic model is the most efficient and will also contribute to the development of knowledge in the body of nursing. CONCLUSION: This study will provide proper direction for new Nurse's Organizational Socialization. Therefore, developing an Organizational Socialization Process Model is meaningful in a sense that it could provide a framework that could create effective Organizational Socialization for new nurses.
*Socialization ; *Organizational Culture ; *Nurses ; *Models, Organizational ; Middle Aged ; Humans ; Female ; Adult

Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a rare disease characterized by marked peripheral eosinophilia and eosinophilic infiltration of many organs such as heart, lung, central nervous system, liver and spleen. This disease is defined by following criteria. First, sustained blood eosinophilia is greater than 1,500/mm3 longer than 6 months. Second, other apparent etiologies for eosinophilia must be absent, including parasitic infestation and allergic disease. Third, patients must have signs and symptoms of organ involvement. In Korea, some cases that eosinophil infiltrated lung, liver, gastrointestinal tract or skin were reported. In this report, we found a case showing myalgia, fatigue and eosinophilia in periodic health examination, and diagnosed hypereosinophilic syndrome.
Central Nervous System ; Eosinophilia ; Eosinophils ; Fatigue ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Heart ; Humans ; Hypereosinophilic Syndrome* ; Korea ; Liver ; Lung ; Myalgia ; Preventive Health Services ; Rare Diseases ; Skin ; Spleen