It is very important to establish precisely the historical phases of nursing. We nurses should try to acquire the central social position in the health management system in the near the future, the 21st Century. Therefore my treatise aims to orient the desirable phase of the history of nursing through the feministic survey of the history of nursing from the post medieval epoche to the modern epoche. During the time of the renaissance which gave morning light to the modern epoche the antique Athenian thinking of sex was again revived. Athenian excluded the women from the public and autonomous regions. All the medical activity, once dominated by the women, was misfortunately regarded as superstition acted by witches. Accordingly, the nursing women were to hunted as witches. In short, in the early modern epoche, women began to be excluded from the history of medical activities. In the middle modern epoche characterized by the enlightenment movement and early capital economic system, capitalistic patriarchal system began to be formed by change in the economic system. The status of women began to be greatly dropped below by the social distinction of the private dimension of home and the public dimension of job. The woman was deprived of even the occasion to get the official license of medicine and medical institutions were handed to the states or the powerful and rich merchants. Accordingly, nursing acted mainly in the nunnery as the total approach to the patients was destructed wholly and transformed into the means of earning the money. Therefore unprepared low class-women began to engage in nursing only for the money. From then on, nursing activity was tunneled through the dark age for 200 years. In the late modern epoche characterized by the contrast of the accumulated vast capital by industrialization and vast poverty of the peoples, feminism began to float over the surface for the acquisition of equality of men and women from England. A feminist, Nightingale insisted that the women as nurses should be responsible for the healthy life of man. She tried the professional nursing education for women. Accordingly she not only contributed to the intellectual progress of women but also inspired in women the consciousness of the professional job. She tired to realize the ideal of at-that-time-feminists by engaging in nursing all through life. She really paved the road to contemporary nursing. In the near the future, I will write to describe how the late modern epoche nursing has fallen into the dilemma through the 1st and 2nd world wars and matured capitalism and to consider contemporary nursing with the status of women. All these papers aim to give proper recognition of nursing and right orientation of the future 21st Century nursing.
Capitalism ; Consciousness ; Education, Nursing ; England ; Female ; Feminism ; Hand ; History of Nursing ; Humans ; Licensure ; Male ; Nursing ; Poverty ; Superstitions ; Thinking ; World War II

It is very important to establish precisely the historical phases of nursing. We nurses should try to acquire the central social position in the health management system in the near the future, the 21st Century. Therefore my treatise aims to orient the desirable phase of the history of nursing through the feministic survey of the history of nursing from the post medieval epoche to the modern epoche. During the time of the renaissance which gave morning light to the modern epoche the antique Athenian thinking of sex was again revived. Athenian excluded the women from the public and autonomous regions. All the medical activity, once dominated by the women, was misfortunately regarded as superstition acted by witches. Accordingly, the nursing women were to hunted as witches. In short, in the early modern epoche, women began to be excluded from the history of medical activities. In the middle modern epoche characterized by the enlightenment movement and early capital economic system, capitalistic patriarchal system began to be formed by change in the economic system. The status of women began to be greatly dropped below by the social distinction of the private dimension of home and the public dimension of job. The woman was deprived of even the occasion to get the official license of medicine and medical institutions were handed to the states or the powerful and rich merchants. Accordingly, nursing acted mainly in the nunnery as the total approach to the patients was destructed wholly and transformed into the means of earning the money. Therefore unprepared low class-women began to engage in nursing only for the money. From then on, nursing activity was tunneled through the dark age for 200 years. In the late modern epoche characterized by the contrast of the accumulated vast capital by industrialization and vast poverty of the peoples, feminism began to float over the surface for the acquisition of equality of men and women from England. A feminist, Nightingale insisted that the women as nurses should be responsible for the healthy life of man. She tried the professional nursing education for women. Accordingly she not only contributed to the intellectual progress of women but also inspired in women the consciousness of the professional job. She tired to realize the ideal of at-that-time-feminists by engaging in nursing all through life. She really paved the road to contemporary nursing. In the near the future, I will write to describe how the late modern epoche nursing has fallen into the dilemma through the 1st and 2nd world wars and matured capitalism and to consider contemporary nursing with the status of women. All these papers aim to give proper recognition of nursing and right orientation of the future 21st Century nursing.
Capitalism ; Consciousness ; Education, Nursing ; England ; Female ; Feminism ; Hand ; History of Nursing ; Humans ; Licensure ; Male ; Nursing ; Poverty ; Superstitions ; Thinking ; World War II

A randomized comparison group pretest-posttest experimental design was used to quantitatively determine the effects of environmental control measures on patients with allergic rhinitis. Environmental controls included wrapping the mattress with a vinyl cover, washing the top bedding cover with 55 degrees C hot water every two weeks, removal of soft furniture, and wet cleaning of the bedroom floor every day. Thirty subjects were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The amount of house dust mites in dust samples collected from the bedroom floor, bedding and mattress, as well as the nasal symptoms of patients, were measured twice at one-month intervals. A significant decrease in house dust mites in dust samples and relief in patients' nasal symptoms were observed in the experimental group who had environmental controls.
Adult ; Animal ; Dust* ; Environment* ; Female ; Human ; Insect Control*/methods ; Male ; Mites* ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/physiopathology*

This study was conducted to investigate distribution of the house dust mites in the bedroom of allergic rhinitis patients in Pusan. From July to December 1995, 51 dust samples were drawn from the bedroom of the patients by using electronic vaccum cleaner. House dust mites were isolated from 50mg dust by applying the modified wet sieving method. The results were as follows: 1 Out of a total 49 dust samples(96.1%) were isolated house mites. 2 Total 977 mites were collected and identified the most prevalent house mites was Pyroglypidae mite with 92.2%. Among them D.pteronyssinus was predominant species. 3 In 1gm of the house dust, 100-499 mites were found in 17 samples(33.3%), more then 500 mites in 12 samples (23.6%). 4 The density of Pyoglypidae mite was close associated with the month. 5 The density of house dust mite was not affected by the type of house, region and the relative humidity of the bed room
Busan* ; Dust* ; Humans ; Humidity ; Mites ; Pyroglyphidae* ; Rhinitis*

PURPOSE: This study was aimed at analyzing the characteristics and symptoms in home-based hospice-palliative care (HBHPC) patients registered at local public health centers. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed; Data of 144 HBHPC patients registered at six public health centers in Pusan City were analyzed, including their initial visit records (registration cards, initial pain evaluation and symptom evaluation). RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 67.7 years old. Among all, 46.2% of the patient lived alone, and 65% had middle school education or lower. The most popular (36.3%) religion was Buddhism, and 47.5% received medical assistance from the government. The most frequent diagnosis was lung cancer followed by stomach cancer and liver cancer in that order. Of all, 48.9% were functionally too weak to lead a daily life, 39.6% were under cancer treatment when registered at the public health center, and 84.5% were aware of the fact that they have reached the terminal phase. Moreover, 83.6% complained about pain, and the pain level was moderate or severe in 36.5% of them. Besides pain, fatigue was the most complained symptom (84.7%), and 49.3% of them rated their fatigue as moderate or severe. CONCLUSION: Most of the HBHPC patients were socio-economically underprivileged and complained about moderate or worse pain and symptoms. Therefore, it appears necessary to develop an integrated strategy that is tailored for each patient reflecting their characteristics.
Buddhism ; Busan ; Diagnosis ; Education ; Fatigue ; Home Care Services ; Hospice Care ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; Lung Neoplasms ; Medical Assistance ; Public Health* ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomach Neoplasms

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the level of resilience to burnout and work satisfaction of hospice volunteers. METHODS: Participants included 235 regular volunteers at hospice facilities of two university hospitals and four general hospitals located in Busan. The study instruments were the scale of resilience to burnout and work satisfaction. The scale of resilience to burnout consisted of six dimensions (professional competency, accomplishment and worthiness, firm belief and value about their profession, good teamwork, support by their agency, and individual resources) and 31 items which were rated on a 5-point Likert scale, whereas the scale of work satisfaction consisted of 6 items which were rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Tukey and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The mean score of resilience to burnout and work satisfaction of participants were 3.59 and 3.69, respectively. The highest and lowest scores of resilience to burnout were individual resources (3.81) and accomplishment and worthiness (3.36). There were significant differences in resilience to burnout scores, depending on religion, health status, type of hospice facilities, and period of volunteer experience. There were significant differences in work satisfaction scores, depending on gender, religion, education level, health status, and type of hospice facilities. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous education and efficient management need to be developed to improve the level of resilience to burnout and work satisfaction of hospice volunteers.
Hospices ; Hospitals, General ; Hospitals, University ; Job Satisfaction

PURPOSE: This study was to identify the effect of Cervical Kyongrak Massage on Shoulder pain, shoulder Exercise Range and Mood in the elderly. METHOD: This study used a quasi- experimental pre-test and post-test design. Data were collected from 13 April to 30 June in 2003. There were 58 elderly subjects,(30 experimental group, 28 control group) in Pusan. The experimental group took Kyongrak Massage at Cervical Kyonghyul sites around neck and shoulder for 10 minutes daily during 5days. RESULT: In the experimental group, shoulder pain(t=-9.80, p=.000), shoulder exercise Range (Flexion t=3.10, p=.003; Abduction t=7.95, p=.000; External Rotation t=5.00, p=.000) and Mood(t=-9.80, p=.000) were significantly better than control group after Cervical Kyongrak Massage. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that Cervical Kyongrak Massage may be an effective adjunct therapy for improving shoulder pain, shoulder exercise range and mood, and is considered as a independent and available nursing intervention for elderly.
Aged* ; Busan ; Humans ; Massage* ; Neck ; Nursing ; Shoulder Pain* ; Shoulder*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine posttraumatic growth (PTG) in family caregivers of patients with cancer. METHODS: Participants included 201 family caregivers of cancer patients who are treated at outpatient clinics and oncology wards of a university hospital and two general hospitals in Busan, Korea. The study instrument was the Korean version of the posttraumatic growth inventory (K-PTGI). Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t test, one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's test using the SPSS 21 for Windows. RESULTS: The mean score of PTG was 3.10. The factor with the highest score was "Changes to self-perception" (3.15), while the one with the lowest was "Increase in spiritual interest" (2.88). There were significant differences in PTG, depending on age, religion, importance of religious life and perceived level of daily difficulties. CONCLUSION: Family caregivers also experience PTG when their loved ones are diagnosed with cancer. According to these findings, it is necessary to develop a spiritual nursing program to help family caregivers growth from the experience of attending patients with cancer.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Busan ; Caregivers* ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Korea ; Love ; Nursing

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure meaning in life of elderly and to delineate basic data for developing nursing strategies for improving the meaning in life of elderly. METHOD: Subjects were 240 elderly above 65 years old staying in Busan and Kyungnam Province. The data was collected from May to Jun 2004. The instrument was utilizing Elderly Meaning In Life(EMIL) scale developed by Choi et al.(2003). RESULTS: The mean for elderly was 100.4, the range was from 37 to 148. 63.3% of subjects were in existential vacuum. The mean of 1 phase 'acceptance and awareness of self and life' was 36.9, 2 phase 'creative value realization' was 17.8, 3phase 'experiential value realization' was 2.8, 4 phase 'contentedness of past and present' was 43.7. There were significant differences according to the gender, religion, educational level, spouse, spending money, living arrangement and disease. CONCLUSION: On the viewpoint of above results, 63.3% of subjects were in level of existential vacuum, which required logotherapy. Therefore it shows that developing nursing-logotherapy to improve the meaning in life for elderly is demanded.
Aged* ; Busan ; Gyeongsangnam-do ; Humans ; Nursing ; Psychotherapy ; Residence Characteristics ; Spouses ; Vacuum

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure meaning in life for a normal adult and to offer basic data for developing nursing strategies for improving the meaning in life of adults. METHOD: There were 351 subjects, from 20 to 60 years old, staying in Busan and KyungNam Province. The data was collected from August to October 2000. The instrument was designed by researchers. The data were analyzed with frequency, mean(+/-SD), t test and ANOVA. RESULT: 1. The mean MIL for adult was 187.7(+/-18.1). 2. The mean MIL of basic premise phase for discovery of meaning was 30.5, method phase for discovery of meaning was 111.1, and result phase for discovery of meaning was 46.4. 3. The levels of MIL, 56.4% of the subjects were in pursuit of meaning in life, 23.3% felt a loss of meaning in life. 4. There were significant differences in MIL according to the level of education(P=0.00), marital status(P=0.01) and monthly income (P=0.00). CONCLUSION: On the viewpoint of the above results, 23.3% of the subjects were in a level of existential vaccum which required keens Logotherapy. Therefore, it shows that developing nursing-logotherapy to improve the meaning in life for adults is demanded.
Adult* ; Busan ; Gyeongsangnam-do ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Nursing ; Psychotherapy