PURPOSE: This study was done to describe the research trend of Complementary and Alternative Medicine(CAM) in Korea and internationally. METHOD: A Systematic review of CAM related literature published from 2000 to 2005 was done. A comprehensive search by using 34 CAM modalities as search terms to identify all articles dealing with CAM was undertaken from 4 databases: PubMed, RICHIS, KoreaMed, and Riss4U. A Total of 588 abstracts and 223 original articles were reviewed by two independent reviewers using systematic analysis guidelines. Data regarding the types of study design, characteristics of subjects and researchers, and classification of CAM modalities was recorded. The outcome measures of CAM were identified. RESULTS: CAM research has been rapidly increasing worldwide in the last decade. In Korea, nursing(53.5%) followed by medicine(42.7%) occupied the majority of CAM research in comparison to medicine(42.9%) and disciplines in CAM(25.0%), like homeopathy, internationally. Prevailing research designs in Korea were experimental and quasi-experimental, however, randomized clinical trials were found. Internationally, survey research was dominant, with the exception of randomized clinical trials that were mostly an experimental design. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that a robust research design in CAM research is needed to accumulate strong scientific evidence and to adopt nursing interventions from CAM modalities.
Biomedical Research/statistics & numerical data/*trends ; Complementary Therapies/statistics & numerical data/*trends ; Humans ; MEDLINE ; Models, Nursing ; PubMed ; Research Design

The myocardial infarction is usually associated with the coronary artery disease in adults. It is unusual in chilhood and young adult but occasionally associated with coronary vasculitis. Takayasu's arteritis produces a panaortits with thickening of the adventitia and narrowing of aorta. Narrowing of coronary arteries is due to extension into these arteries of the processes of inflammation that occur in aorta. We report here two cases of Takayasu's aortitis causing acute myocardial infarction. Case 1 is a 17-year-old girl presented with the inferior myocardial infarction and the cerebral infarction. Digital subtraction aortography showed a diffuse narrowing of the aorta and the obstruction of both subclavian arteritis, right carotid artery and both femoral arteries. Case 2 is a 19-year-old male patient with anterior myocardial infarction. Coronary cineangiogram showed the beak like appearance of the left main coronay artery.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Adventitia ; Animals ; Aorta ; Aortitis* ; Aortography ; Arteries ; Arteritis ; Beak ; Carotid Arteries ; Cerebral Infarction ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Coronary Vessels ; Female ; Femoral Artery ; Humans ; Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction ; Inflammation ; Male ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Takayasu Arteritis ; Vasculitis ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze intervention studies related to Snoezelen (multisensory environment). METHODS: Studies related to Snoezelen (multisensory environment) published between 1995 and 2010 in both Korean and International journals were systematically reviewed, and analyzed following guidelines. Based on inclusion criteria, 23 studies including 5 Korean and 18 International articles were selected. RESULTS: Most studies were conducted in various area of research such as medicine, nursing, and occupational therapy. There was no publication related to Snoezelen (multisensory environment) in Korean nursing journals. In terms of target population, more than 65% of the study subjects were patients with dementia, mental retardation, and learning disability. Intervention was implemented mostly in less than 30 minutes, once a week for 2 to 4 weeks. The effects on behavior, physical, and psychological contexts were assessed as outcome indicators. There was more 'positive' than 'no effect' in self-stimulatory behaviors, problem behaviors, heart rate, pain, mood state, and anxiety, whereas more 'no effect' than 'positive' in blood pressure, respiration, enjoyment, and relaxation. CONCLUSION: Future studies are needed to develop the protocol and outcome indicators for effective use of this new intervention in Korea.
Anxiety ; Blood Pressure ; Dementia ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Clinical Trial ; Korea ; Learning Disorders ; Occupational Therapy ; Publications ; Respiration

Maternal hyperthermia, which is currently confirmed as one of major causative factors inducing growth retardation, congenital anomalies and abortion, is known to influence normal development of CNS and various organ system. In addition, maternal hyperthermia could induce severe developmental defects including development of the limb. However, it is not clearly identified how maternal hyperthermia affects the expression of chondrogenesis-related proteins in developing limb of mouse. Thus, this study is aimed to investigate the effects of the maternal hyperthermia on the expression of a various proteins in developing upper limb. To elucidate it, ICR mice were used in this study, and the animals were divided into control and heat shock groups. The heat shock treatment was given to embryonic day (ED) 8. The animals were sacrificed on ED 11, 13, 15 and 17, and the humerus were removed. Chondrogenesis-related factors such as FGF8, SOX9 and collagen II were detected on ED 11, 13 and 15 using western blot and immunohistochemistry. Developing humerus on ED 17 was stained with alizarin red S and alcian blue. The expression of FGF8 of heat shock groups was continued even though the development was succeeded. SOX9 expression in heat shock groups was significantly elevated on ED 13 compared to the control embryos. In addition, collagen II expression of heat groups was significantly higher than that of the control group on ED 13 and 15. The results of this study suggest that hyperthermia causes delayed endochondral ossification in long bone through continuous expression of FGF8, SOX9 and collagen II proteins even though the endochondral ossification is succeeded.
Animals ; Anthraquinones ; Blotting, Western ; Collagen ; Embryonic Structures ; Extremities ; Fever ; Hot Temperature ; Humerus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Osteogenesis ; Proteins ; Shock

Maternal hyperthermia, which is currently confirmed as one of major causative factors inducing growth retardation, congenital anomalies and abortion, is known to influence normal development of CNS and various organ system. In addition, maternal hyperthermia could induce severe developmental defects including development of the limb. However, it is not clearly identified how maternal hyperthermia affects the expression of chondrogenesis-related proteins in developing limb of mouse. Thus, this study is aimed to investigate the effects of the maternal hyperthermia on the expression of a various proteins in developing upper limb. To elucidate it, ICR mice were used in this study, and the animals were divided into control and heat shock groups. The heat shock treatment was given to embryonic day (ED) 8. The animals were sacrificed on ED 11, 13, 15 and 17, and the humerus were removed. Chondrogenesis-related factors such as FGF8, SOX9 and collagen II were detected on ED 11, 13 and 15 using western blot and immunohistochemistry. Developing humerus on ED 17 was stained with alizarin red S and alcian blue. The expression of FGF8 of heat shock groups was continued even though the development was succeeded. SOX9 expression in heat shock groups was significantly elevated on ED 13 compared to the control embryos. In addition, collagen II expression of heat groups was significantly higher than that of the control group on ED 13 and 15. The results of this study suggest that hyperthermia causes delayed endochondral ossification in long bone through continuous expression of FGF8, SOX9 and collagen II proteins even though the endochondral ossification is succeeded.
Animals ; Anthraquinones ; Blotting, Western ; Collagen ; Embryonic Structures ; Extremities ; Fever ; Hot Temperature ; Humerus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Osteogenesis ; Proteins ; Shock

No abstract available.
Arteriovenous Fistula* ; Laminectomy*

In the last years, according to the increasing incidence of measles and other viral diseases, it have been needed to study on not only the fundamental epidemiological characteristics of mumps and measles but also judgement on the effectiveness of vaccine that meet our domestic situation. The author carried out questionnaire to obtain epidemiological characteristics and vaccine efficacy of mumps on epidemics of mumps in one primary school in Hwasung-kun, Kyonggi Do from Feb. to July, 1994. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Total students was 556, but 446(78.4%) responded to the questionnaire. Among that 446,130(29. 1%) have suffered from mumps. From 9 to 10 year old students had the high attack rates, especially 10 year olds has the highest(39. 7%). 2. From Feb. 2, 1994, first case was on, to July 6, 1994, the epidemic was continues, and attack rate was higest in May(50. 5%). 3. Among the 130 mumps patients, 5 have suffered from complication(3.8%) : encephalitis 3(2 in male, 1 in female). 4. Vaccination rate was 91%, and as ages were lowered, the rates were higher. 5. Attack rate was higher in group who had time interval after vaccination less than 5 years than total attack rate, and was higher in group who had been vaccined after 5 year old. 6. Attack rate in vaccinated group was 27.3%. 7. Vaccine efficacies, be judged by three methods of analysis according to case definition and vaccination status, were 37.4 39. 2%. 8. Factors that have significantly affected the mumps epidemic were vaccination status and vaccination age.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Encephalitis ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Gyeonggi-do* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Measles ; Mumps* ; Vaccination ; Virus Diseases ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a web-based learning program with multimedia ECG monitoring for clinical nurses. For this, we compared the self-directed, web-based learning method with the traditional lecture method. A quasiexperimental, nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used, the data from 32 nurses(17 for experimental group and 15 for control group) were collected from October 1 to November 30, 2001, and analysed by SPSS program with x2 test, ttest, ANCOVA. The results were as follows : 1) There was significant improvement in the score on learning achievement of the experimental group compared with that of the control group(t=-2.739, p=.010). 2) There was no significant difference between the groups in learning motivation(t=-.054, p=.4785). In conclusion, it is suggested that a higher learning achievement was achieved in self-directed, web-based learning than in the traditional classroom style learning. There was also evidence that two educational styles had same effect in creating motivation. We propose to utilize a self-directed, web-based leaning method as a means to continue life-long education for nurses on a rotational duty system.
Education ; Electrocardiography* ; Learning* ; Motivation ; Multimedia*

PURPOSE: This study was aimed at exploring the current status of graduate programs for an advanced practice nurse(APN) to recommend future directions of APN education. METHODS: A total of 142 students enrolled in seven APN specialty programs, 67 professors who were involved in APN education, and nine nurse administrators participated in the study. Data was collected by questionnaires and focus group interviews. RESULTS: The current definition of APN was found not to be specific enough to represent expected roles of APN in regards to knowledge, attitudes, roles, and skills. Standard curricula employed regardless of the area of APN specialty, lack of qualified clinical practice settings, as well as prepared instructors were found to be problematic. CONCLUSION: The following needs to be addressed: 1. redefining of APN roles, 2. tailoring specialty areas of APN, 3. consolidating educational programs, and 4. ensuring APN role models and faculty. Suggesting a CNS role in Korean APN, areas of APN should be rearranged toclarify their roles and educational programs need to be further developed to meet the expectations and quality of APNs. It is necessary to ensure APN's employment in the health care system by laws and policies to perform advanced nursing roles.
Adult ; Curriculum ; Education, Nursing, Continuing ; Education, Nursing, Graduate ; Educational Measurement ; Focus Groups ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Middle Aged ; Nurse Clinicians/*education ; Nurse Practitioners/*education ; Nursing Evaluation Research ; Questionnaires ; Societies, Nursing ; Specialties, Nursing/*education

BACKGROUNDS: Katz index of ADL and Barthel index of ADL have been used to evaluate the function of disabled elderly in Korea. But no ADL scale reflecting Korean's own language expression and culture has been developed and verified yet. METHODS: Descriptions of basic activities which needed others' help were collected from 190 Korean disabled elderly. The collected results were categorized into basic activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, and then in each domain such as bathing, shopping, etc. Preliminary instrument items were selected by the judgement of the expert committee, considering the frequency of the responses and the importance of each item. A preliminary questionnaire was developed based on the selected items. The preliminary questionnaire was pretested twice, and corrected by the results. Finally a scholar on Korean literature verified the questionnaire on the grammar and context. RESULTS: A total of 408 basic activities of daily living and 242 instrumental activities of daily living were collected. The activities were categorized into 7 domains of ADL(dressing, washing face and hand, bathing, eating, transfer, toileting, continence) and 10 domains of IADL(decorating, housework, preparing meals, laundry, outgoing for a short distance, using transportation, shopping, handling money, using telephone, taking medicine) CONCLUSIONS: We developed a Korean Activities of Daily Living(K-ADL) scale and Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living(K-IADL) scale reflecting Korean elderly's own language expression and culture.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged ; Baths ; Eating ; Hand ; Housekeeping ; Humans ; Korea ; Meals ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Telephone ; Transportation