No abstract available.
Korea*

An evaluation of intradermal test in screening paragonimiasis was attempted by comparing antigens, filtered through Sephadex G 50, fractionated by DEAE Sephadex A 25, and V.B.S.(crude extract of adult worms) antigen on 402 school children. The sensitivity and false negative rates were compared with one another on results of two examinations for eggs, one with sputum and the other with stool. The purified antigens showed more intense skin reaction than the crude extract. The crude extrct(V.B.S.) appeared to have lower false negative rate than the purified even though the difference was not statistically significant. Intradermal test with V.B.S. antigen on 12,000 subjects was analysed to find some characteristics of the reaction. Three size groups were classified by egg detection rate; negative reaction, 20-50 mm(2) size group of which egg detection rate was 3.5% among 118 persons, intermediate, 60-100 mm(2) with 26.8% among 1,078, and positive reaction, larger than 100 mm(2) with 45.7% among 2,098 subjects. The distribution of wheal size by age for total population surveyed revealed that younger ages had smaller wheal sizes with larger proportion of negative reaction, which decreased when the age increased. Skin sensitization in a population seemed to occur gradually to and reached a maximum by the age of 13 year. The egg detection rate increased proportionately to wheal size for the intermediate group, however, it did not vary much by size for positive group(larger than 100 mm(2)). When the wheal size distributions were compared in three groups, egg positives, egg negatives, and the group whose sputa were not examined, curves of the two groups, egg positive and negative, did not show clear separation. This fact seems to indicate that there is a low sensitivity and specificity in both tests(sputum and skin). The stability of the intradermal test measured by a second survey done one year after the primary survey revealed that the intermediate size group had more marked unstability than the other groups, and the treated group had tendency to decrease in wheal size. The purification of antigen for intradermal test did not add any better means of screening for paragonimiasis, probably due to the nature of skin sensitization evoked by many elements of the parasite but not by a few selected components. The V.B.S. antigen may be valuable for screening a large population, yet the diagnosis can not be dependent entirely upon the test. The final diagnosis should be made by repeated sputum examinations in spaced time with careful history taking aided by CF test and X-ray examination if necessary.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Paragonimus westermani ; epidemiology ; diagnosis ; skin test ; specificity ; sensitivity

Among 11,005 inhabitants(61% of total population) surveyed in 13 villages of Che Ju Island in 1964, were identified as paragonimiasis patients, of these 1,355 were treated with 40 mg/kg body weight of bithionol for 10-15 doses. The purpose of the study was to test whether mass chemotherapy of the human host may provie an answer for the control of paragonimiasis in an area where the human host is main source of infection to the intermediate hosts. The efficacy of the mass chemotherapy as control program was measured by the acceptance of the survey and treatment by the inhabitants, the efficacy and the toxicity of the drug applied, and the influence of the infection rates of the intermediate hosts. The acceptance of the survey and the treatment was not entirely satisfactory: an estimate based on data suggests that only fifty to sixty percent of all cases infected were detected, and 93% of detected cases were treated in the primary program. All cases detected during the follow up survey, which could not cover whole population, were treated. The efficacy of bithionol was excellent when the treatment was completed. 40 mg/kg body weight for 10-15 doses was sufficient to turn the sputum egg-negative except in a few cases infected heavily that needed 20 doses. Side reactions were generally mild; the most frequent reaction was gastrointestinal; which spontaneously subsided within a few to several days. The infection rate of intermediate hosts started to decrease from the third year of the mass treatment with a pattern of gradual drop. Follow up studies on general population in three and four years of the mass treatment also showed markedly decreased prevalence of paragonimiasis by intradermal test and sputum examination. It is concluded that a complete mass chemotherapy with bithionol in an area where human is the main source of infection to the intermediate hosts can be the answer for control of paragonimiasis.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Paragonimus westermani ; epidemiology ; chemotherapy ; bithionol

Detecting eggs from feces and/or sputum is probably closely associated with many factors such as degree or intensity of infection, physiological status of the host(age, eating habit and duration of residence in the area), the duration of infection for the parasite (age and reproductive activity of flukes), and methods of collecting specimens and technique of examination. Neverthless, it is difficult to determine which factor plays the most inportant role in detecting eggs except comparison of factual result obtained by standardized techniques. The purpose of the study was to find out which method would give better result for detection of eggs, and to estimate what proportion of patients would be missed when the method selected is used. On a single examination of both specimens, stool and sputum, collected from the same person, sputum examination was found to be superior to stool examination for detection of eggs; 37 of 40 egg positives had eggs in sputum whereas only 21 of 40 in stool. Repeated sputum examination on the same subject in spaced time gave higher overall egg detection rate; in the first examination for all skin reaction positives, the detection rate was 36.8%, in the second examination on those who had negative results in the first examination, it was 11.6% among 602 persons examined, and 5.3 percent of 95 persons who were negative in previous two examinations. Thus, repeated sputum examinations (three times) increased the overall detection rate to 48.5% from 36.8%. According to the result obtained through this study, it would be worthwhile to recommend repeated sputum examinations at least three times on the same subject even if collecting second and third sputum is quite difficult problem in mass survey; about 12% of total patients who can be detected as positive by three times repeated examinations shall be missed if only a single sputum examination is done.
parasitology-trematode-Paragonimus westermani ; diagnosis ; sputum examination ; stool examination skin test

No abstract available.
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis* ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial*

A study was conducted during the period of August 13 to August 18, 1974 to obtain information on knowledge and attitude of the rural area housewife toward health care and antibiotics using. Interviewed 242 housewives dwelling in Soodong and Hwado Myun, Yangju Gun, Kyunggi Do, a typical rural area in Korea and the following results are obtained: 1. Of 242 housewives interviewed, 20.2% were illiteracy, 68.2% was graduated from primary school, 9.1% from middle school and 2.5% from high school. 2. Of those interviewed, 8.7% were Christian, 5.0% Bueldist, 2.9% Confucianism, and 83.4% of those were no religious preference. 3. Utility rate according with the kind of mass media in home was 85.1% of respondents possessed radio, 16.1% of magazine, 12.8% of newspaper, and 4.1% of television. 4. In the case of patients occur in a family, 13.0% out of 242 respondents had chosen physician's clinics for initial medical care place, 58.4% drug stores, 0.9% herb medicine and 27.7% of those had chosen folk medicine at home. 5. Antibiotics effective complaints listed by the respondents were skin diseases with 43.8%, suppureated wound 30.0%, URI like symptoms 18.2%, diarrhea 14.5%, low back pain 12.9%, fever 6.2%, loss of appetite 3.3%, all kind of diseases 2.5%, urethral discharge 2.1% and tuberculosis 0.8% respectively. 6. Only 14.7% of respondents had obtained antibiotics for medical care from physician's clinics and 85.3% of the respondents had obtained antibiotics from drug store (70.7%), village shop (10.4%), and salesmen in street market without any physician's prescription. 7. Eight-nine percent of the respondents were understanding on patient care activity as the local health subcenter but only 11.0% of those on M.C.H., 29.0% of those on family planning, 21% on vaccination, and only 6.6% on tuberculosis control activity. 8. Utility rate of the local health subcenter was 71.9% out of the patients indicated medical care of medical facilities.
Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Appetite ; Confucianism ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Delivery of Health Care* ; Diarrhea ; Literacy ; Family Planning Services ; Fever ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Korea ; Low Back Pain ; Mass Media ; Medicine, Traditional ; Newspapers ; Patient Care ; Periodicals as Topic ; Prescriptions ; Skin Diseases ; Television ; Tuberculosis ; Vaccination ; Wounds and Injuries ; Periodicals

An ecologic study on Paragonimus in Malaysia was attempted from May to September 1967. Seven streams located in various directions and distances from Kuala Lumpur were surveyed for the study of intermediate hosts, snail and crab. One Malayan village and one aborigine village where infected crabs were found, and two tuberculosis hospitals in K.L. were surveyed for the study of human population. Intradermal tests along with sputum or stool examination to detect human infection by Paragonimus were employed. Wild animals, only a few, were shot in the vicinity of the aborigine village and several domestic cats from the Malayan village were bought. These animals were autopsied and examined for adult Paragonimus. Among five species of crab collected from the study areas, only two species, Potamon jahorenes and Parathelphusa maculata were found to be infected with Paragonimus. P. maculata seemed to be better crab host for the Paragonimus because this species had higher infection rate and metacercarial density than the other in the very same area. Three out of seven streams had infected crabs and the infection rate as well as the infection intensity varied from one stream to another. Only avilable snail in the streams was identified as Brotia costula. The infection rate of the snail was very low, six snails out of 11,898, which is about the same rate reported from other countries. Infected snail, however, had thousands of rediae uncountable containing about twelve microcercocercariae in each redia, sufficient enough to maintain the life cycle of the parasite even with only a few infected snail, the amplifier. This is the first confirmed report on the snail host of Paragonimus from Malaysia where the existence of Paragonimus had been reported in 1923. The first trial to study human population by means of intradermal test, sputum and/or stool examinations in Malaysia showed no evidence of human infection of Paragonimus. The number of animals, wild and domestic, examined for natural infection was too small to draw any statement. These examined animals were all negative for adult Paragonimus. Even though more extensive studies on wild animals and human population may be necessary for the definite conclusion, the facts that infected crabs from jungle stream where human contacts are extreamely rare, and also highly infected crabs from the area where none of humans or domestic animals were infected, strongly suggest the life cycle of Paragonimus in this area may be maintained by wild animal hosts rather than by human host. The morphology of all stages of the parasite, the pattern of penetrating glands, flame cells and excretroy bladder of cercaria, lancet shaped single cuticular spines and 6 branched ovary of adult worm obtained from experimentally infected cat, and the shape of egg including all measurements agree well with the characteristics of Paragonimus westermani.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Paragonimus westermani ; epidemiology-paragonimiasis ; crab ; Potamon jahorenes ; Parathelphusa maculata ; cat

No abstract available.
Humans ; Hyperglycemia* ; Infant, Newborn*

No abstract available.
Female ; Humans ; Psychology*

No abstract available.
Adolescent* ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency* ; Child* ; Humans ; Iron*