To determine the incidence rate of child battering and related factors, a questionnaire survey was conducted on 1,255 children in 4th and 5th grades of two elementary schools (one in the upper economic class area with 519 students and the other in the lower economic class area with 504 students) in Taegu and two schools in rural areas of Kyungpook province (120 and 112 students, respectively) from 1st May to 10th May 1990. Total number of children who were battered during one-month period (1-30 April 1990) prior to the survey was 918 (73.1%)> Among the battered children 87 (6.9%) were severely battered (twice or more in a month by kicking or more severe method) and 831 children (66.2%) were moderately battered (all other battering than severe battering). The percentage of battered children and degree of battering were not significantly different between two schools in Taegu and between urban and rural areas. Common reasons for battering were disobediance (61.9%), making troubles (34.9%), and poor school performance (33.3%). However, 16.1% of severely battered children responded that the perpetrators battered them to wreak their anger and 5.7% of them did not know the reason why they were battered. A majority of the battered children (65%) regretted their fault after being battered but 20.7% of the severely battered children wanted to run away and 9.2% of them had an urge to commit suicide. While most of the physical injuries due to battering were minor as bruise (52.7%) but some of them were severe, e.g., bone fracture (2.5%), skin laceration (1.5%), and loss of consciousness (0.2%). The common psycho-behavioral complaints of the severely battered children were unwillingness to study (31%), unwillingness to live (17.2%), and reluctance to go home (13.8%). The incidence rate of severe battering was significantly higher (p=0.018) among the children living in a quarter attached to a store (14.0%) than the children living in an apartment (6.6%) and individual louse (6.2%). The incidence rate of severe battering was higher among children living in a rental house (8.4%) than children living in their own house (6.3%) (p=0.005). The children of father only working (5.1%) and mother only working (4.5%) had a lower incidence rate of severe battering than the children of both parents working (9.1%) and both parents unemployed (20.7%) (p=0.006). More children were battered when there was a sick family member (80.8%) compared with the children without a sick family member (71.4%) (p=0.001). The incidence rates of severe and moderate battering increased as the frequency of quarreling between mother and father increased (P=0.000). The percentage of unbattered children was higher among children whose father's occupation was professional (39.4%) than that of the total study subjects (26.9%) (p<0.001).
Anger ; Child* ; Contusions ; Daegu ; Fathers ; Fractures, Bone ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lacerations ; Mothers ; Occupations ; Parents ; Phthiraptera ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors ; Skin ; Suicide ; Unconsciousness

No abstract available.
Female* ; Humans ; Prevalence* ; Smoke* ; Smoking*

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of placebo(emotional stimulus) on physical fitness and psychological wellbeing. The subjects for the study were divided into tow groups. One experimental group received placebo and the other control group did not receive. Each group was composed of 15 women. The subjects continued aerobic exercise for an hour each time, three times a week, for eight weeks. The enhancement of physical fitness has been evaluated by body weight, BP, pulse rate, skinfolds thickness, circumference of waist and hip, body fat, % body fat, lean body mass, % lean body mass they were measured three times every 4 weeks. Also to evaluate the enhancement of psychological wellbeing, the self-esteem and self-perception were measured. The results can be summarized as follows : 1. The % body fat of experimental group decreased significantly than that of control group(p<0.1). 2. The % lean body mass of experimental group decreased significantly than that of control group(P<0.1). 3. There was no significant difference of other physical fitness factors between experimental group and control group. 4. There was no significant difference of self-esteem between experimental group and control group. 5. There was no significant difference of self-perception between experimental group and control group. From these results, it may be concluded that placebo(emotional stimulus) which received during aerobic exercise period is partially effective in the enhancement of the physical fitness.
Adipose Tissue ; Body Weight ; Exercise* ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Hip ; Humans ; Physical Fitness* ; Placebo Effect ; Self Concept

Kupffer cells are tissue macrophages (histiocytes) fixed in hepatie sinusoids. Since malignant hepatocytes are the only tumor parencymal cells of the hepatocellular carcinoma, theoretically there are no Kupffer cells within the hepatocellular carcinoma. To clarify whether it is true or not, 12 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma of the trabecular type with some extents of the non-neoplastic surrounding liver were subjected to immunoperoxidase staining for lysozyme and S-100 protein and the results are as follows. 1) Kupffer cells were stained positively by the immunoperoxidase staining for lysozyme but not for S-100 protein, indicating that they are monocyte derived macrophages. 2) Kupffer cells were also present within the hepatocellular carcinoma, but were 2-7 times fewer within the hepatocellular carcinoma than in the non-neoplastic areas (p<0.05). 3) The non-neoplastic hepatic tissue of patients with serum HBsAg shows a tendency to have more kupffer cells than those without HBsAg.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular

Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were isolated from a child suffering from acute gastroenteritis and successfully passaged in a calf and mice (designated hereafter SNU-H1) in the Republic of Korea; its molecular genotype has been analyzed. The GAG microsatellite region was amplified by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with a 238 base pair product, which is commonly displayed in C. parvum. The isolate was shown to be a mixture of the genotypes 1 (anthroponotic) and 2 (zoonotic). To study its infectivity in animals, 2 calves and 3 strains of mice were infected with the SNU-H1; in these animals, the propagation of both genotypes was successful. In immunosuppressed (ImSP) BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice the number of oocysts decreased after day 10 post-infection (PI) ; but in ImSP ICR mice, they remained constant until day 27 PI. The results show that both the C. parvum genotypes 1 and 2 can be propagated in calves and ImSP mice.
Animals ; Cattle ; Child ; Cryptosporidiosis/microbiology ; Cryptosporidium parvum/*genetics/immunology ; Diarrhea/parasitology ; Feces/parasitology ; Genotype ; Human ; Korea ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Oocysts ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Zoonoses/parasitology

Primary segmental volvulus (PSV) of the ileum in neonate occurs rarely but shows an aggressive clinical course. Thus, early diagnosis is important to prevent necrosis and perforation of the intestine. We report a case of PSV of the ileum in a 2-day-old female neonate whose clinical features and radiologic findings appeared to be meconium plug syndrome.
Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Ileum ; Infant, Newborn ; Intestinal Volvulus ; Intestines ; Meconium ; Necrosis

The authors attempted to choose what has the best reproducibility and predictability for prognosis of the prostatic adenocarcinoma among four most widely used gradings methods; the Gleason's Mostofi's, Bocking and MD Anderson hospital systems. According to these gradings systems, each of two pathologists made histologic gradings of 40 consecutive prostatic adenocarcinomas which had been diagnosed with the surgically resected specimens. Correlation between the histological grades and the clinical stages was studied and a comparison was made among each system. For the comparison, the Gleason's and MDAH systems were revised as 3 grades and adjusted to the other gradings systems. In this study, MDAH grading system yielded the highest reproducibility as represented by 90% agreement, as compared with the other systems which showed 82.5~87.5% agreement. By the Gleason's, Mostofi's and Bocking's systems, 46.2%, 23.1% and 46.2% of grade 3 tumors respectively fell under the clinical stage A. On the contrary, there were no cases of grade 3 in stage A and no cases of grade 1 in stage D, by MDAH gradings system. These results suggest that MDAH gradings system is superior to the other systems in reproducibility and for predicting the biological behavior.
Adenocarcinoma

No abstract available.
Holoprosencephaly*

No abstract available.
Hernia*

No abstract available.
Atherosclerosis* ; Hyperuricemia* ; Risk Factors*