BACKGROUND: Light-emitting diodes curing unit (LCU), which emit blue light, is used for polymerization of composite resins in many dentistry. Although the use of LCU for light-cured composite resin polymerization is considered safe, it is still controversial whether it can directly or indirectly have harmful biological influences on oral tissues. The aim of this study was to elucidate the biological effects of LCU in wavelengths ranging from 440 to 490 nm, on the cell viability and secretion of inflammatory cytokines in MDPC-23 odontoblastic cells and inflammatory-induced MDPC-23 cells by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS: The MTT assay and observation using microscope were performed on MDPC-23 cells to investigate the cell viability and cytotoxic effects on LCU irradiation. RESULTS: MDPC-23 cells and LPS stimulated MDPC-23 cells were found to have no effects on cell viability and cell morphology in the LCU irradiation. Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 which are the pro-inflammatory mediators, and interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) which are the proinflammatory cytokines were significantly increased in MCPD-23 cells after LCU irradiation as time increased in comparison with the control. LCU irradiation has the potential to induce inflammation or biological damages in normal dental tissues, including MDPC-23 cells. CONCLUSION: Therefore, it is necessary to limit the use of LCU except for the appropriate dose and irradiation time. In addition, LCU irradiation of inflammatory-induced MDPC-23 cells by LPS was reduced the secretion of NO compared to the LPS alone treatment group and was significantly reduced the secretion of TNF-α in all the time groups. Therefore, LCU application in LPS stimulated MDPC-23 odontoblastic cells has a photodynamic therapy like effect as well as inflammation relief.
Cell Survival ; Composite Resins ; Cytokines ; Dentistry ; Dinoprostone ; Inflammation ; Necrosis ; Nitric Oxide ; Odontoblasts ; Photochemotherapy ; Polymerization ; Polymers

PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate the clinical significance of abnormal cervical cytology in pregnancy and the effectiveness of cytologic and colposcopic surveillance of these women. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted in pregnant women referred to the colposcopic clinic with abnormal cervical cytologic results above ASCUS between Jan. 2002 and Dec. 2007. The Initial colposcopy was performed at the end of 1st trimester. Cervical cytology and colposcopy were repeated once or twice during remaining period of pregnancy and at postpartum 6~8 weeks. Colposcopy directed cervical biopsies were taken in case of colposcopic abnormalities. Without evidence of invasion, no invasive procedure was attempted during pregnancy. Above CIN2 patients were treated postnatally. The postpartum diagnoses were compared to the worst antepartum impressions and initial cytologies. RESULTS: One hundred three pregnant women were referred to colposcopic clinic for 5 years. There was no invasive cervical cancer antenatally. After delivery, 53 patients were followed up and 17 patients above CIN2 lesions treated. Two microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma and 1 invasive adenocarcinoma were found postnatally. In 33 initial ASCUS cytologies, there were 7 CIN2,3 lesions and 3 invasive cancers. One CIN3 was found in 13 LSIL cytologies. All 7 HSIL patients had CIN3 lesions. There were 2 microinvasive cancers postnatally in 17 antenatal CIN2,3 patients. CONCLUSION: ASCUS cervical cytologic results in pregnancy have 30% possibility of CIN2,3 and cancer. LSIL results are normal in 85% and HSIL group 100% CIN3. Even though there is 12.5% risk of microinvasion in antenatal CIN2,3 lesions, noninvasive conservative management is reasonable.
Adenocarcinoma ; Biopsy ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Colposcopy ; Female ; Humans ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Retrospective Studies ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

BACKGROUND: Some research viewed that effective dietary therapy was enough to control proper blood glucose level, but in the most patient, dietary therapy was not practiced and the most difficult part of managing their diabetes. The purpose of this research study was to investigate dietary practice adherence and perceived barriers among the elderly diabetes. METHODS: The survey was mailed to 852 persons with diabetes member via diabetic educator of 156 hospitals or clinics and 24 health centers. Questionnaire had background information of patients, meal regularity, food intake as a dietary practice adherence, barriers of 36 items which have 3 areas such as motive/attitude, knowledge, authority/resource. We asked the person with diabetes to rate barrier to dietary practice adherence. 432 questionnaire were returned the response. we selected 69 persons who were over 65 year old. RESULTS: 1) meal regularity was more satisfactory than food intake. 2) deficit of meal regularity were evening snack and resonable spacing between evening meal and evening snack. 3) deficit of food intake was serving of milk. 4) main barrier to dietary practice adherence was that of knowledge. CONCLUSION: For practice effectively dietary therapy to elderly diabetes, individual consultation or small group education must be pursued and more easily educational skills should be required.
Aged* ; Blood Glucose ; Eating ; Education ; Humans ; Meals ; Milk ; Postal Service ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Snacks

We carried out the mouse tail technique and the Candida albicans test for the study of the phototoxic reaction to amiodarone. The mouse tail technique is based on the inflammatory response of mouse tails after systemic administration of the drug and UVA irradiation and the Candida albicans test is based on growth inhibition of Candida albicana In the mouse tail technique, following the administration of amiodarone and UVA irradia tion for 5 consecutive days, there was a significant increase(14% ) in the relative water content as compared to other control groups. In the Candida albicans test, UVA irradiation after pretreatment with amiodarone resulted in a clear Candida-free zone around the disc. The results showed that amiodarone had a phototoxic potential and that both of the methods were a good screening test for demonstrat.ing the phototoxicity of a certain drug.
Amiodarone ; Animals ; Candida albicans* ; Candida* ; Dermatitis, Phototoxic ; Mass Screening ; Mice* ; Tail* ; Water

BACKGROUND: Primary stenting as a direct reperfusion procedure after acute myocardial infarction might reduce recurrent myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularization. However, result of long or multiple stenting in the long or tandem lesions were not known. METHOD: From Jan. 1996 to Dec. 1998, patients with acute myocardial infarction including cardiogenic shock were undergone primary stenting using long or multiple stent. The clinical end points were death, recurrent infarction, subsequent bypass surgery, or repeat angioplasty of the infarct-related vessel. The results were compared with age, sex, lesion, and risk matched standard stenting group. RESULT: Baseline characteristics were similar for the 20 patients who underwent standard length stenting and the 13 patients who underwent long or multiple stenting. Stent diameter was similar in two group (3.4+/-0.3 mm vs. 3.5+/-0.4 mm, p=0.65), but total stent length was longer in long or multiple stenting group (15.5+/-1.8 mm vs. 40.18.4 mm, p=0.01). Average numbers of stent using in multiple stenting were 1.5+/-0.7. Stenting in the infarct-related artery was successful in all patients randomized to stent treatment. At 6 months, the incidence of the primary end point was 25% (5/20) in the standard stent group and 31%(4/13) in the long or multiple stent group (p=0.5). CONCLUSION: Outcomes of long or multiple stenting including mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularization was similar to standard stenting. Long or multiple stenting after acute myocardial infarction may possible procedure in some selective cases having long or tandem lesion.
Angioplasty* ; Arteries ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infarction ; Mortality ; Myocardial Infarction ; Reperfusion ; Shock, Cardiogenic ; Stents*

There have been many reports on cerebrovascular disease in Korea, almost all of which were done at the Department of Neurosurgery, Neurology, and Internal Medicine. It is established that hemorrhagic stroke(HS) occurs at a higher rate than ischemic stroke(IS) compared to Western societies. However, many patients with IS visit to Oriental Medicine in Korea. Because of the paucity of published information including stroke data of Oriental Medicine, it was our purpose to analyse characteristic pattern of stroke occurrence, clinical data, and outcome for 762 patients visited to emergency room or admitted to the University Hospital and Oriental Medicine for a twelve month period. The incidence of IS was at least 1.5 times that of HS(IS: 309, HS: 453). Among age groups, those in sixties and seventies were the most predominant. The distribution of patients according to each Departments and Oriental Medicine was 118(HS: 2, IS: 116) in Department of Internal Medicine, 286(HS: 251, IS: 35) in Neurosurgery, and 358(HS: 56, IS: 302) in Oriental Medicine. The overall outcome for HS are much poorer than those for IS: in HS, 69.6% good, 10.7% morbidity, and 19.7% mortality, and in IS, 83.2%, 13.0% and 3.8%, respectively. Considering the fact that many IS patients with mild symptoms and signs tend to visit private clinics, these results suggest the actual incidence of Is is much higher than HS in Korea, compared with previous reports. We expect that a multicentered cooperative study including Oriental Medicine will be motivated by this study for establishing more accurate characteristics of stroke in Korea in the future.
Emergency Service, Hospital ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Incidence ; Internal Medicine ; Ischemia ; Korea ; Medicine, East Asian Traditional ; Mortality ; Neurology ; Neurosurgery ; Stroke

Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is a serine protease inhibitor with anti-microbial properties found in mucosal fluids. At the tissue level, the ability of this 12kDa protein is to counteract the excessive degradation of functional and structural proteins such as collagen and fibronectin. Impaired healing states are characterized by excessive proteolysis and often bacterial infection, leading to the hypothesis that SLPI may have a role in this process. To investigate the role of SLPI in skin how it contributes to tissue repair, we have generated mice null for the gene encoding SLPI (Slpi), which show impaired cutaneous wound healing with increased inflammation. For the purpose of this, we have performed wound experiment in skin tissue with morphometrical analyses, immunohistochemistry, and Rnase protection assay. From these analyses, the results were that delayed healing in KO mice wounds compared to that of WT, prolonged inflammatory phase and increased TGF-beta1 in KO wounds, and lower mechanical properties in KO wounds. Taken together, SLPI may play a cruical role in cutaneous wounds healing especially in matrix reorganization that suggests the development as a clinical drug for wound healing.
Animals ; Bacterial Infections ; Collagen ; Fibronectins ; Immunohistochemistry ; Inflammation ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout* ; Proteolysis ; Ribonucleases ; Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor* ; Serine Proteases ; Skin ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; Wound Healing* ; Wounds and Injuries*

Background: Estrogen deficiency affects the structure and function of the salivary glands in women, leading to a decrease in salivary secretion and a change in the composition of saliva. Previous studies on changes in the salivary glands that cause estrogen deficiency have reported only partial results for the parotid and submandibular glands, and there are few comparative morphological studies of histological changes between the parotid and submandibular glands in ovariectomized rats (OVX) leading to estrogen deficiency. This study aimed to analyze the histopathological and histochemical changes in the parotid and submandibular salivary glands causing estrogen deficiency by using OVX, and to discuss the mechanism on these changes. Methods: The parotid and submandibular glands from sacrificed control and OVX groups were fixed with cold 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). The tissues were dehydrated using a series of graded ethyl alcohol and embedded in paraffin. For histopathological analysis, sections cut to a thickness of 6 to 7 μm were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). For histochemical analysis, Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Alcian blue (AB, pH 2.5), and PAS+AB (pH 2.5 and pH 1) staining was performed. Results: Histopathological analysis of OVX tissue showed that the parotid and submandibular salivary glands were broadly and clearly separated and divided into lobes. In OVX, acinar and ductal cells with condensed polymorphic or pyknotic nucleus, which are presumed to be characteristic of apoptotic cells, and degenerated cells with lipid deposition in cytoplasmic granules and ruptured membranes were increased. Histochemical analysis of OVX, confirmed an increase in the number and acidification of acinar secretory granules. Conclusion Histopathological and histochemical changes and the effects of estrogen deficiency are more evident in the submandibular salivary gland than in the parotid gland.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of chewable toothbrush and manual toothbrush and provide basic data for recommendation of the chewable toothbrush in specific groups and situations. A total of 20 subjects participated in this study (rolling method, 10; non-rolling method, 10). After professional prophylaxis, participants used the manual toothbrush to brush their teeth for 3 minutes. After a 7-day wash-out period, participants used the chewable toothbrush according to the manufacturer's instructions. Pre- and post-plaque indexing of the teeth was performed. The dental plaque index was assessed using the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (TMQHPI) for amount of plaque and Silness-Löe Plaque Index (SLPI) for plaque thickness. The difference between pre- and post-dental plaque index was analyzed using a paired t-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The Mann-Whitney U test was also used to compare the dental plaque index reduction rates. The dental plaque index differed significantly between the chewable toothbrush and the manual toothbrush. The TMQHPI reduction rate was significantly different between the rolling and non-rolling method groups for the manual toothbrush but not the chewable toothbrush. The difference in SLPI reduction rate between the rolling and non-rolling method groups was significant for the manual toothbrush but not for the chewable toothbrush. Differences in the dental plaque index reduction rates between the chewable and manual toothbrushes were not significant in the non-rolling method group. The results of this study showed higher reduction rates in dental plaque with manual toothbrush use than with chewable toothbrush use. However, the non-rolling method group did not show statistically significant differences according to toothbrush type. The present study showed that a chewable toothbrush can be an alternative to a manual toothbrush for individuals who have difficulty using the generally recommended rolling method.
Abstracting and Indexing as Topic ; Dental Plaque Index ; Dental Plaque* ; Methods ; Pilot Projects* ; Tooth

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-oral microbial activity and anti-inflammatory effects of rosmarinic acid (RA) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells on a titanium (Ti) surface during osseointegration, and to confirm the possibility of using RA as a safe natural substance for the control of peri-implantitis (PI) in Ti-based dental implants. Methods: A disk diffusion test was conducted to confirm the antimicrobial activity of RA against oral microorganisms. In order to confirm the anti-inflammatory effects of RA, inflammatory conditions were induced with 100 ng/ml of LPS in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells on the Ti surface treated with or without 14 mg/ml of RA. The production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS-stimulated MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells on the Ti surface was confirmed using an NO assay kit and PGE2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were performed to confirm the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in total RNA and protein. Results: RA showed weak antimicrobial effects against Streptococcus mutans and Escherichia coli, but no antimicrobial activity against the bacteria Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and the fungus Candida albicans. RA reduced the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, NO and PGE2, and proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β, in LPS-stimulated MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells on the Ti surface at the protein and mRNA levels. Conclusion RA not only has anti-oral microbial activity, but also anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts on the Ti surface, therefore, it can be used as a safe functional substance derived from plants for the prevention and control of PI for successful Ti-based implants.