Social support was found to have buffering effects on the stress response of stroke patients. Especially, the aspects of social support found to be most influential were support from a close, personal source, and overall satisfaction with support. The purpose of this study was to identify the current social network and its characteristics according to gender difference in post-hospitalized stroke patients in Korea. The sample consisted of a convenience sample of 254 patients was recruited 129 men and 125 women who were receiving follow-up care at outpatients clinics. Four aspects of social support-source, quantity, quality & type-were measured using the modified Social Support Inventory for Stroke Survivors(SSISS) which was developed by McColl & Friedland(1989). Regarding sources of social support, 61.4% reported for 'spouse' as primary caregiver and 31.9%, 'children'. But the distribution of sources of personal support were related to gender; 82.2% of male patients had support from their spouses, while only 40% of female patients reported from 'spouse' but 51.4% from 'children'. Among the children, daughters and sons were more significant support persons than daughters-in-law. The percentages for sources of these significant other support persons were 55.5% for 'children', 8.7% for 'spouse', and 8.3% for 'brothers'. The physician at the outpatient department was the main source of professional support. For the quantity and quality of social support, the primary caregiver's support was more significant than support by significant other persons. Male patients reported that primary the caregiver' support was greater than that of significant other persons, while female patients perceived significant other persons as giving greater support. Regarding the type of perceived social support, the stroke patients were highly satisfied with the primary caregiver's support in aspects of instrumental, emotional, and informational support. They also reported high satisfaction with support from significant others' support in the aspect of emotional support, while emotional and informational support from professionals was reported as satisfactory. In conclusion, gender difference in the social support network was found in that male patients perceived more support from their spouses, while female patients perceived more support from their children as compared to their spouses.
Caregivers ; Child ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Nuclear Family ; Outpatients ; Spouses ; Stroke*

No abstract available.
Cervix Uteri* ; Chlamydia trachomatis* ; Chlamydia* ; Female

No abstract available.

Prostheses and orthoses are appliances made to increase the function of the disabled body. In Korea most appliance makers obtain their basic medical and engineering knowledge and techniques through on-the-job training rather than regular education. It is expected that future training courses for appliance makers will continue to be planned. The most important thing in preparing such courses is to set the limits and level of the text. To plan training courses efficiently, it is essential to check the experience and educational level of the participants, the source of their technique, and their philosophy. The 58 makers who attended the first training course held for one week in August of 1981 answered the questionnaire prepared by the authors concerning the following items: educational level, source of technique (where and how learned), basic medical knowledge, location of shops, degree of and reason for job satisfaction, difficulties in working, approval or disapproval of the training course and reaction to the first training course.
Adult ; Educational Status ; Health Occupations/education* ; Human ; Job Satisfaction ; Korea ; Middle Age ; Orthotic Devices* ; Prostheses and Implants*

Cryopreservation has proved to be a highly successful method for long term storage of viable embryos and it is necessary for human embryo cryopreservation in assisted reproductive technology to reduce the risk of multiple gestation and severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome as well as contributing to an overall increase in pregnancy rates. Mouse embryo cryopreservation was carried out in order to establish the most ideal developmental stage of embryo for cryopreservation. F1 hybrid mouse embryo were collected according to its developmetnal stage; 1-cell, 2- cell, 4-cell, morula and blastocyst. 1-cell stage embryo were cryopreserved by slow coolingrapid thawing method using PROH(1,2 propanediol) and 2- cell stage embryo and 4-cell stage embryo were cryopreserved by the same method using PROH or DMSO(dimethyl sulfoxide). And morula and blastocyst stage embryo were cryopreserved by the same cooling method using glycerol. The frozen-thawed embryo showed significantly lower(p < 0.05) hatched rate than fresh embryos. The better hatched rate was obtained when the 2-cell embryos were cyropreserved using PROH as a cryoprotectant(p < 0.05). In the case of the 4-cell stage embryos, the results showed no difference in the post thaw survival rate but a better blastocystic development in the DMSO group(49.6%:38.9%)(p > 0.05). The proportion of frozen embryos developing to hatched blastocysts was significantly decreased in 1-cell stage embryos and blastocysts compared to the 2-cell, 4-cell and morula stage embryo(p < 0.05). According to in vitro development of mouse embryo, the highest hatching rate was obtained from 4-cell stage embryo(43.5%), so the ideal cell stage for embryo cryopreservation is 4-cell stage embryo using DMSO as a cryoprotectant.
Animals ; Blastocyst ; Cryopreservation* ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide ; Embryonic Structures* ; Female ; Glycerol ; Humans ; Mice* ; Morula ; Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted ; Survival Rate

It is well known that general anesthesia and surgery cause acute depression of renal function. Also, the occurrence of frank bleeding from the urinary tract can form a blood clot which may block an indwelling catheter or even a normal urethra with development of urinary infection. Many studies have reported that prophylactic use of hypertonic mannitol will prevent acute functional renal impairement during general anesthesia and surgery, and reduce the incidence of clot formation and acute pyelonephritis. We believe that diuresis itself is a reneprotective mechanism and polyuria may yield two other advantages; 1. Fewer plugged catheters by decreasing the incidence of clots. 2. Decreased incidence of acute pyelonephritis by preventing stasis and washing out bacteria. since 1972, in our hospital, 100cc or 200cc of 20% mannitol was used for increasing the urine output during operation of urinary stone in 33 patients, We have shown that the prognosis of patients was good.
Anesthesia, General ; Bacteria ; Catheters ; Catheters, Indwelling ; Depression ; Diuresis ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mannitol* ; Polyuria ; Prognosis ; Pyelonephritis ; Urethra ; Urinary Calculi ; Urinary Tract

In the modern practice of general anesthesia, endotracheal intubation is routinely used for controlled ventilation. To facilitating intubation, succinlycholine is the most valuable muscle relaxant. But succinylcholine has many untoward reactions such as elevation of intraocular pressure, increased plasma potassium, increased intragastric pressure, bradycardia and the development of postperative muscle pain, etc. Several attempts have study was intended to determine adequate doses of gallamine triethiodide for endotracheal intubation in patients to avoid the development of bradycardis. The authors measured the heart rate just beofre, immediately after and 5 minutes after intubation. The total number of patients in this study was 67, and the patients were divided into five groups: Group 1: consisting of 10 patients, receiving 1.5 mg/kg of gallamine triethiodide. Group 2: of 10 patients, receiving 2.0 mg/kg of gallamine. Group 3: of 22 patients, receiving 2.5 mg/kg of gallamine. Group 4: of 15 patients, receiving 3.0 mg/kg of gallamine. Group 5: of 10 patients, receiving 3.5 mg/kg of gallamine. The authors tried to choose the least difficult intubation after gallamine triethiodide, the amount administered and the patient's reaction to stimulation. The conclusions are summarized as follows: 1) The adequate dose of gallamine triethiodide for endotracheal intubation is 2.5mg/kg. 2) The duraion of action of gallamine triethiodide is dose dependent. 3) Increase of heart rate in each group is significant after gallamine triethiodide.
Anesthesia, General ; Bradycardia ; Gallamine Triethiodide* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal* ; Myalgia ; Plasma ; Potassium ; Succinylcholine ; Ventilation

Clinical trials were done to obtain ifnormation on the clinical efficacy, tolerance and side effects of a new antihistarnine, Mecloprodine(Tavegyl), in various skin disordetrs. A total of 48 patients suffered from various skin disorders as urticaria, eczema etc. v ere treated with 2mg. daily for 3 days to 15 days according to state of disorders. The results are as follows. 1. Improvement was noticed in 79.2% of total patients(38/48). 2. Tavegyl was efiective in all 8 cases of acute urticaria and most cases(7/8) of urticaria factitia. 3. Among 19 cases of chronic urticaria, improvement was noticed in 13 cases(68. 49). Improvement was alsa noticed in all 6 cases of eczema. 5. Drowsiness and weakness cccurred in 6.2% of cases(3/48).
Clemastine* ; Eczema ; Humans ; Skin ; Sleep Stages ; Urticaria

PURPOSE: The purpose of this survey was to investigate clinical nurses' understanding of delirium and their educational need of delirious patient care. METHOD: A survey questionnaire regarding nurses' general perception and understanding of delirium, experience with delirious patients and educational need was developed and conducted with 179 clinical nurses in a university hospital in Seoul. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Nurses thought that delirium was one of the most important nursing problems and they considered it to be more treatable than to be preventable. However, the majority of nurses were not confident in caring for delirious patients. Nurses reported that delirium happened most often after surgery, and that possible contributing factors could be changes in physical environment and anxiety/stress, as well as medication and long-term isolation. Thirteen nursing interventions were identified but half of the nurses utilized only one or two of the thirteen. The most frequently used intervention was reorienting the patient followed by medication and emotional support, presenting family, and close observation. 99.5% of nurses addressed the importance of professional education on delirium care, especially in the area of intervention and management. CONCLUSION: The results support the strong need for development of a multi-component educational program on delirium care.
Adult ; Delirium/*nursing/psychology ; Female ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Nursing ; Nursing Staff, Hospital/education/*psychology ; Program Evaluation ; Qualitative Research ; Questionnaires

Postoperative respirative depression is a major factor limiting the use and safety of intraoperative narcotics. The need for an effective and safe narcotic antagonist to reverse this side effect without complication persists more than three decades of research. While narcotic induced respiratory depression can be reversed by appropriate, specific narcotic antagonist, it has not been possible to nulify the frespiratory depressant effects of narcotic without simultaneously nullifying the analgesic effects. Doxspram hydrochloride, respiratory stimulant, has been found to be significantly potent and selectively respirogenic. The present study undertakes to determine whether doxapram is ablereverse the respiratory depressnat effect of mrphine without mullifying the analgesic effects. In this study, 20 patients in 29 ASA class l patients given intravenous morphine, 0.5mg/kg, for elective surgery, produce postoperative respiratory depression. Inadequate spontaneous respiration at the end of anesthesia were treated with doxapram. The results were as follows: 1) Doxapram (mean 21.6mg) was able to reverse the respiratory depressant effect of morphine without nullifying the analgesic effect. 2) There was no hemodynamic alteration during reversal.
Anesthesia ; Depression ; Doxapram* ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Morphine* ; Narcotics ; Respiration ; Respiratory Insufficiency*