A simple definition of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is necessary to establish clinical practical guidelines. The Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) defined CKD as kidney damage or a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for 3 months or more, irrespective of cause. In addition, the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO), provided evidence-based understanding of CKD and established global consensus while identifying a collaborative research agenda and plan for the practical definition and classification of CKD. To identify CKD, estimation of the GFR from the serum creatinine and the presence of albuminuria are essential. The GFR estimation needs the application of appropriate equations, such as the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation or the Cockcroft-Gault formula, and calibration of the serum creatinine. Albuminuria can be detected using an albumin-to-creatinine ratio >30 mg/g in two of three spot urine collections. With the CKD guidelines of K/DOQI and KDIGO, the diagnosis and early detection of CKD, which may need a Korean estimation equation, are improving and should help to reduce the prevalence and incidence of end-stage renal disease in Korea.
Albuminuria ; Calibration ; Consensus ; Creatinine ; Diet ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Incidence ; Kidney ; Kidney Diseases ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Korea ; Mass Screening ; Prevalence ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Urine Specimen Collection

communicable diseases. The purposes of the study is to estimate reporting proportion of National Notifiable Infectious Diseases(NNIDs) and investigate characteristics related to reporting using KAP(knowledge, attitude, practice) model. METHOD: We surveyed randomly selected 2,185 physicians (speciality: internal medicine, family medicine, pediatrics, dermatology, general physicians) of their knowledge, attitude, and practice of NNIDs reporting through self-administered mail questionnaires. Of them, 231 physicians responded (response proportion: 10.6%). RESULT: The reporting proportion was estimated to 27.0%. Recognition level (knowledge) of NNIDs was relatively high with proportion of 69.4%, and attitude (public health importance) of reporting was 65.8%. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that knowledge, attitude significantly affected physicians' reporting in a positive direction (O.R. 6.2, 6.2 respectively). Whereas, senior age group, specialty (family medicine, pediatrics, dermatology) showed significantly lower reporting. General (tertiary care) hospital level of care showed significantly higher reporting practice (alpha=0.05). CONCLUSION: The NNIDs reporting proportion, 27.0% is similar with those studied recently. Continuous efforts to increase the performance level of communicable diseases surveillance system. Of those, restructuring surveillance systems considering characteristics of notifiable diseases classes must be stressed. Educational approach of physicians needs to be tailored specially to newly-designated diseases such as Group II, Designated Group NNIDs.
Communicable Diseases* ; Dermatology ; Humans ; Internal Medicine ; Logistic Models ; Pediatrics ; Postal Service ; Surveys and Questionnaires

A number of noninvasive technics have been advocated as reflecting left ventricular performance. These methods include systolic time intervals, echocardiography and imaging of the left ventricular chamber with radionuclides during systole and diastole. Radionuclide evaluation of left ventricular function by means of the gamma camera and gating currently appears to be the most reliable noninvasive method for approximating angiographic evaluation of left ventricular performance. Utilizing the radionuclide angiography, we measured the left ventricular function in 19 normal healthy control, 60 patients with coronary artery diseases 7 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, 5 patients with hypertension. 1) Left ventricular ejection fraction decreased in 12 patients with anterior myocardial infarction (39.9+/-11.6%), 17 patients with inferior myocardial infarction (49.9+/-8.4%) and 7 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (19.0+/-5.8%), and there was a statistically significant difference compared with 19 normal control group (63.5+/-8.2%)(p<0.005). However there were no statistically significant difference between normal control group, patients with hypertension (58.8+/-7.6%) and patients with angina pectoris (60.1+/-6.5%). 2) Left ventricular ejection fraction decreased in both anterior and inferior myocardial infarction, and there was a statisically significant difference between both groups (p<0.01). All 13 patients with acute myocardial infarction had abnormal LVEF (40.5+/-9.1%) whcih was significantly lower than that of 16 patients with old myolardial infarction (50.1+/-10.5%)(p<0.01).
Angina Pectoris ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated ; Coronary Artery Disease* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Diastole ; Echocardiography ; Gamma Cameras ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Infarction ; Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Infarction ; Radioisotopes ; Radionuclide Angiography* ; Stroke Volume ; Systole ; Ventricular Function, Left*

No abstract available.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; Neoplasm Metastasis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the MR findings of knee injuries in skiing and to explain the mechanism of injury with MR findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed MR findings of 18 patients with history of knee injuries in skiing. The MR images were evaluated retrospectively to identify the ligament injuries, bone lesions and meniscal injuries. RESULTS: Ligament injuries were seen in 16 patients, bone contusions in 16 patients, meniscal lesions in two patients. The most common group of injury was anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and roedial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries with bone contusion on posterior lip of the lateral tibial plateau (LTP). The second common group of injury was isolated ACL injury with bone contusions on the lateral fernoral condyle (LFC) and posterior lip of the LTP. We considered that the mechanism of injury of the former group may be correlated with the valgus torque with secondary anterior displacement of the tibia and the latter group may be correlated with the pivot shift phenomenon. CONCLUSION: MR may play an important role in the diagnosis of knee injuries in skiing and its findings may explain the mechanism of injury.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ; Collateral Ligaments ; Contusions ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Knee Injuries* ; Knee* ; Ligaments ; Lip ; Retrospective Studies ; Skiing* ; Tibia ; Torque

No abstract available.
Pseudohypoaldosteronism*

No abstract available.
Carbon Dioxide* ; Carbon* ; Foreign Bodies* ; Foreign-Body Reaction ; Granuloma ; Lasers, Gas* ; Lip*

PURPOSE: This study was done to investigate the factors that influence non-combat soldiers' suicidal ideation. METHODS: The participants of survey were 302 of soldiers in Y and H city. The data were collected from Aug. 5 to 8, 2008 in H city and Oct. 25 to 30, 2009 in Y city. The instruments were the SRI (Stress Response Inventory) developed by Ko, Park, & Kim (2000), SDS (Self-Rating Depression Scale), developed by Zung (1965) and SSI (Scale for Suicidal Ideation) developed by Beck (1979). The data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0. RESULTS: The mean score for the SRI, SDS and SSI were 15.71+/-19.81, 32.02+/-9.67 and 1.34+/-2.74 respectively. There were positive correlations between the SRI and SDS (r=.763), SRI and SSI (r=.583), SDS and SSI (r=.575). Stress, depression, age, and educational level accounted for 41% of the variance in suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicates that soldiers' suicidal ideation is related to stress, depression, age, and educational level and that there is a need to develop programs which focus on stress and depression management.
Depression ; Humans ; Military Personnel* ; Suicidal Ideation* ; Suicide

No abstract available.
Hydroxyurea ; Skin ; Skin Ulcer

Many cells in the nephron release extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs envelop nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. The surfaces of EVs express donor cell-specific markers, ligands, and major histocompatibility complex molecules. They are involved in cell-to-cell communication, immune modulation, and the removal of unwanted materials from cells. EVs have been studied as biomarkers of specific diseases and have potential therapeutic applications. Recent research has emphasized the functions of EVs in the kidney. This review provides an overview of recent findings related to the roles of EVs in the nephron, and their utility as biomarkers and therapeutic factors in renal disease.