Skeletogenesis occurs through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification. In addition, some parts of the skeletal components maintain their cartilaginous characteristics throughout life without mineralization. Runx2 is known to be a pivotal transcription factor for all skeletogenic processes. In this study, we examined the expression patterns of two major isoforms of Runx2 in early skeletogenesis. During intramembranous bone formation, Runx2-type I (Runx2-I) was widely expressed in osteoprogenitor cells and active osteoblasts, while Runx2-type II (Runx2-II) expression was stringently restricted to cells lining mineralized bones. Cells in permanent cartilage expressed collagen type II (Col-II) but never expressed Runx2 or Col-X. These permanent cartilages were well circumscribed by Runx2-I positive cells, in which Runx2-II was negative. In endochondral bone formation, Runx2 expression temporarily disappeared in Col-II-positive proliferating chondrocytes, but a secondary surge of Runx2-I expression occurred in the prehypertrophic zone before the mineralization of cartilage. Collectively, both Runx2 isoforms showed very similar expression patterns in active bone forming areas; however, Runx2-I has an exclusive role in the early commitment stage of intramembranous or endochondral bone forming processes or in cells surrounding permanent cartilage.
Animals ; *Bone Development ; Cartilage/cytology/growth & development/metabolism ; Embryo and Fetal Development/genetics ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; In Situ Hybridization ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Protein Isoforms/genetics/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/metabolism

Candida is the most common etiologic agent causing endogenous endophthalmitis resulting due to hematogenous spread from a remote primary focus. Risk factors for the infection include intravenous drug use, hyperalimentation, surgery, malignancy, diabetes, neutropenia, and the use of broad- spectrum antibiotics and immunosuppressive agents, especially corticosteroids. The outcome of candida endophthalmitis is disappointing. One main problem in the management of this infection is that early diagnosis is difficult. Thus, treatment may be delayed and this which often leads to a poor outcome. Candida endophthalmitis, particularly candida guilliermondii endophthalmitis, is extremely rare, although it is becoming more common as the number of chronically debilitated patients and the use of invasive procedures increase. It is an ophthalmologic emergency and commonly takes a tragic course. Therefore, early suspicion and aggressive management are imperative to prevent visual loss. The authors report a case of candida endophthalmitis caused by Candida guilliermondii in a 65-year-old man with mixed gastrointestinal stromal tumor(GIST) and stomach adenocarcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Candida* ; Early Diagnosis ; Emergencies ; Endophthalmitis* ; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors* ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Neutropenia ; Risk Factors ; Stomach*

Candida is the most common etiologic agent causing endogenous endophthalmitis resulting due to hematogenous spread from a remote primary focus. Risk factors for the infection include intravenous drug use, hyperalimentation, surgery, malignancy, diabetes, neutropenia, and the use of broad- spectrum antibiotics and immunosuppressive agents, especially corticosteroids. The outcome of candida endophthalmitis is disappointing. One main problem in the management of this infection is that early diagnosis is difficult. Thus, treatment may be delayed and this which often leads to a poor outcome. Candida endophthalmitis, particularly candida guilliermondii endophthalmitis, is extremely rare, although it is becoming more common as the number of chronically debilitated patients and the use of invasive procedures increase. It is an ophthalmologic emergency and commonly takes a tragic course. Therefore, early suspicion and aggressive management are imperative to prevent visual loss. The authors report a case of candida endophthalmitis caused by Candida guilliermondii in a 65-year-old man with mixed gastrointestinal stromal tumor(GIST) and stomach adenocarcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Candida* ; Early Diagnosis ; Emergencies ; Endophthalmitis* ; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors* ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Neutropenia ; Risk Factors ; Stomach*