The purpose of this survey was to investigate the prevalence of obesity, eating habits and life styles of children. This survey was carried out anthropometry and questionnaires in 180 male and 141 female students of fifth-grade at Dongmak elementary school. The results are summarized as follows : 1)18.2% of the male and 19.3% of female students were obese. Underweight group was 10.5% of the male and 15.0% of the female students. 2) Average height of male and female students were 142.0 cm, 144.0 cm and weight of those were 35.8 kg and 37.1 kg respectively. The height and skinfold thickness of the triceps in female students were significantly higher than those of male students and body fat content in female students was significantly lower than that of male students. There was no difference in BMI, RW and RI between male and female students. The average BMI, RW, RI were 17.7, 25.4, 124.0, respectively. 3) The student's height was positively related to parent's height and moth's weight. There were significantly positive correlation between mother's and subject's weight. BMI, RW and RI were positively related to parent's BMI. 4) 78.3% of male and 51.8% of female students had prejudice for special food, and 45.5% of male and 34.5% of female students had an overeating habit. Male students had significanthy higher rate than female in both cases. Average eating time per meal was 18.9 minutes for male and 21.0 minutes for female students. Experience for taking nutrient supplement in male student was more than that in female. Obese group had prejudice for special food, overeating habit and rapid eating rate more than any other groups. The prevalence of obesity among the children is gradually increasing. Therefore, in order to prevent progress into adulthood obesity, nutrition education including the right perception for obesity and eating behavior modification was needed.
Adipose Tissue ; Anthropometry ; Child ; Eating* ; Education ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Incheon* ; Life Style* ; Male ; Meals ; Obesity* ; Prejudice ; Prevalence* ; Skinfold Thickness ; Thinness ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was aimed to investigate direct care stress and job satisfaction in home care nurses. METHOD: Subjects were 139 home care nurses of hospitals in urban cities. Data was collected by a self report questionnaire. Direct care stress was measured by Community Health Nurses Perceptions of Work-Related Stressors Questionnaire. Job satisfaction was measured by a visual analogue scale. RESULTS: The average score of direct care stress was 60.4. There were significantly high direct care stress in those who had less than that 3 years experience than in their counterparts. The average score of job satisfaction was 79.5. There were significant high job satisfaction in those who willingly chose to work. Direct care stress negatively correlated with the length of office experience of the home care nurse. CONCLUSION: A direct care educational program should be developed for those who have less than 3 years experience to decrease their stress level.
Home Care Services* ; Job Satisfaction* ; Nurses, Community Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self Report

This study was conducted to develop an education program of hospice care for the professional in order to care for nurses for terminally ill patients facing death and their families. The Modified Tyler-Type Ends-Means model was used to guide the curriculum development of the study. The curriculum include a philosophical conception of hospice education, fundamental concepts, purpose, objective and the educational contents. The content was developed based upon a 70% or more demand in educational demand analysis. The education program has a total of 360 hours consisting of 172 hours of theoretical study and 188 hours of practice including fundamental nursing care for hospice.
Curriculum ; Education* ; Fertilization ; Hospice Care* ; Hospices* ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Nursing Care ; Terminally Ill

The purpose of this study is to develop the first domestic professional hospice educational program. We investigated the present condition of Korean hospice education and analyzed the prerequisite need for a dedicated hospice course in the professional education process. Research was conducted between June and November 1996 for nursing professors teaching at each nursing education institute to find out how much hospice is being discussed and by whom, in which course it is being discussed, and also to find out the contents that needed to be include in the professional education process. From a total of 49 colleges(29 three year colleges, 20 four year colleges) out of 99, 162 nursing professors replied, the collection rate was 49.5%. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The present condition of the hospice nursing education. 1) Whether hospice is included in the education program. (1) 89-65% of 3 year colleges and 90% of 4year colleges included hospice education in their education program. (2) In graduate studies three schools included hospice their program and three schools expressed their plans to include hospice education. 2) Hospice related education were commonly discussed in adult nursing(26.3%), fundamental nursing(22.8%), and psychiatric nursing(20.2%). In 3 year colleges its commonly discussed in the first and second year and in 4 year colleges it is taught in the second and third year. 3) Hospice related theory/practical education hours were averages of 6.5/7.0 hrs in 3 year colleges and 14.2/11.3 hrs in 4 year colleges. 4) The majority of professors in charge of hospice education were in the following order adult nursing, psychiatric nursing, and fundamental nursing. 5) The courses that are thought to be adequate to manage hospice related education were adult nursing(29.3%), community health nursing(21.7%) and the described method education was the method currently being used(36.5%). 2. The demand for hospice nursing education. 1) Over 70% demanded professional hospice education program, the highest demand was for the value and meaning of life followed by the role and qualification of the hospice team and the mental maintenance of a dying patient. 25 categories showed over 90% demand. 2) The highest demand was for the value and meaning of life(98.2%) and the lowest demand were for danjeon breathing(71.0%) and acupuncture(71.0%). 3) Other contents that need to be discussed in the professional hospice education program were hospice nursing, the attitude and reaction of death, bereavement care, and the prospect of hospice.
Adult ; Curriculum* ; Education ; Education, Nursing ; Education, Professional ; Hospice and Palliative Care Nursing ; Hospice Care ; Hospices* ; Humans ; Korea* ; Nursing ; Psychiatric Nursing

OBJECTIVE: Recently some reports suggested substance P and CGRP might be important factors for inflammation and hyperalgesia. This study was performed to see whether substance P or CGRP containing nerve fibers might be changed by mustard oil-induced inflammation. METHODS: After injection of mustard oil(5%) into uterine lumen, the uteri were removed and examined with immunohistochemical methods for substance P and CGRP. RESULTS: In the normal uterus, most of the substance P- or CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed along the vascular structure and some in the myometrium, only few in the endometrium. Mustard oil did not changed this pattern of nerve fiber distribution but after 48 hrs, the amount of substance P or CGRP immunoreactive nerve fibers were greatly reduced compared with the normal uterus. It is not clear whether the decrease of substance P and CGRP immunoreactive fibers in the uterus was resulted from the depletion of the neuropeptides in the nerve fibers or the retraction of nerve fibers. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the inflammation should cause the change of nerve fibers included in the nociception. This change may attribute the generation of inflammation and inflammatory hyperalgesia.
Animals ; Endometrium ; Female ; Hyperalgesia ; Inflammation* ; Mice ; Mustard Plant ; Myometrium ; Nerve Fibers ; Neuropeptides ; Nociception ; Rats* ; Substance P* ; Uterus*

No abstract available.
Female ; Indomethacin* ; Obstetric Labor, Premature* ; Pregnancy ; Ritodrine*

Korea has a relatively short history in the development and use of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). Additionally, it has been difficult to employ the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument due to the lack of consensus and the presence of differences in Korean medical settings and in the Korean socio-cultural environment. An AGREE II scoring guide was therefore developed to reduce differences among evaluators using the same tool. In consideration of the importance of using a quantitative measure of satisfaction with the elements described in the AGREE II manual, a final draft was developed through a Delphi consensus process. Ninety-two draft scoring guides for anchor points 1, 3, 5, and 7 (full score) in 23 items were developed. Consensus was defined as agreement among at least 70% of the raters. Agreement on 88 draft scoring guidelines was reached in the first Delphi round, and agreement for the remaining four was achieved in the second round. The development of an AGREE II scoring guide in this study is expected to contribute to improving the CPG environment.
Consensus ; Humans ; Peer Review ; *Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Republic of Korea

PURPOSE: Chronic administration of anticonvulsants for children with epilepsy may cause multiple abnormalities in bone metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of anticonvulsants on bone mineral density(BMD) in children with epilepsy. METHODS: Seventy patients with epilepsy were enrolled in this study. All subjects had taken anticonvulsants for at least 1 year or more. Subjects were classified into three groups according to age(5-7 yrs, 8-11 yrs, >12 yrs). BMD was measured by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry(DXA) on the lumbar spine and whole body. Statistical analysis for BMD of anticonvulsants-treated subjects were compared to results with the published data. RESULTS: BMD was significantly decreased in the anticonvulsants-treated group as compared with the control group of all age groups(P<0.05). But BMD among groups according to anticonvulsants was not significantly different(P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Because chronic administration of anticonvulsants for growing children leads to a decrease in BMD, early detection and management of abnormal BMD is important in monitoring of children with epilepsy.
Child ; Male ; Female ; Humans

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of an AED by 119 rescuers in prehospital cardiac arrest. METHODS: 132 patients who experienced prehospital cardiac arrest and was defibrillated by 119 rescuers using AED from January 2003 to December 2004 were included in this study. They were reviewed retrospectively based on 119 rescue service records and ECG. We analyzed patients' general characteristics, types of ECG rhythm, time intervals from EMS activation to arrival and from EMS activation to the first defibrillation, numbers of defibrillation, and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). RESULTS: The mean age was 57.33+/-17.84 years with 92 males and 40 females. 68 patients showed shockable rhythms (coarse ventricular fibrillation 41, fine ventricular fibrillation 24, pulseless ventricular tachycardia 3) and 39 patients showed unshockable rhythms (pulseless electrical activity 19 , asystole 18, normal sinus rhythm 2) as an initial rhythm at EMS arrival. Unshockable rhythms were changed to shockable rhythms after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 25 patients had no ECG rhythms on 119 rescue service records. In the patients with shockable rhythms initially (68 patients), 18 patients experienced ROSC, whereas only 1 patients experienced ROSC in the patients with unshockable rhythms initially (39 patients). The patients with shockable rhythms initially had higher ROSC rates than the patients with unshockable rhythms initially (26.1% vs 2.6%, p=0.001) and received less defibrillation than the patients with unshockable rhythms initially (1.37+/-0.60 vs 2.49+/-1.87, p=0.016). There were no significant differences in the time intervals from EMS activation to arrival (5.74+/-2.13 minutes vs 7.12+/-4.33 minutes, p=0.529) and from EMS activation to the first defibrillation (14.20+/-7.97 minutes vs 13.75+/-7.30 minutes, p=0.542) between ROSC group & non-ROSC group. There was no significant difference in ROSC between male and female (13% vs 17.5%, p=0.164). CONCLUSION: The patients with shockable rhythms initially had higher ROSC rates than the patients with unshockable rhythms initially (26.1% vs 2.6%, p=0.001) and received less defibrillation than the patients with unshockable rhythms initially (1.37+/-0.60 vs 2.49+/-1.87, p=0.016).
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Defibrillators ; Electric Countershock ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; Ventricular Fibrillation

PURPOSE: Infection, foreign body reaction and decreased volume of implant are common complications after augmentation rhinoplasty with Gore-tex(R) implant. The author experienced two cases of recurrent foreign body granuloma in the patients who underwent Gore-tex(R) removal because of infection after augmentation rhinoplasty. and treated them with complete removal of Gore-tex(R). METHODS: Case 1: A 49 year-old female visited our clinic for recurrent foreign body reaction on nasal dorsum and tip area. The patient underwent augmentation rhinoplasty with Gore-tex(R) 3 years ago and implant was removed due to infection 9 months ago. Excision of the granuloma was performed and a piece of foreign body suspicious to be a Gore-tex(R) implant debris was detected under the subcutaneous pocket. The implant fragments were removed and nasalis muscle rotation flap was performed to cover the lesion. The specimen was proved to be Gore-tex(R) in histological study. Case 2: A 31 year-old-male with recurrent foreign body granuloma on the nasal tip area visited our clinic. 10 years ago, the patient had augmentation rhinoplasty with silicone implant and then, he underwent revisional rhinoplasty five times including nasal implant removal, which was performed 9 months ago. The authors excised the granuloma and found a small sized foreign body suspicious to be a Gore-tex(R) implant debris under the granuloma. The foreign body was excised and identified to be Gore-tex(R) in histological study. RESULTS: In both cases, the lesions were healed without any complications and there were no evidences of recurrence up to 6 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The Gore-tex(R) is known to be weak against mechanical force. These properties of Gore-tex(R) make it difficult to remove the implant completely. In the patient who have infection after augmentation rhinoplasty with Gore-tex(R), the operator should take care to perform the complete removal without remaining fragment of the implant.
Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foreign Bodies ; Foreign-Body Reaction ; Granuloma ; Granuloma, Foreign-Body ; Humans ; Muscles ; Recurrence ; Rhinoplasty ; Silicones