PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to figure out influences of supervisor's and colleague's supports, nursing work environment, ego-resilience, organizational commitment and burnout on turnover intention of nurses working in general hospitals. METHODS: The data were collected from 379 nurses working in general hospitals with more than 500 beds in S city from July 1 to August 31, 2012. The collected data were analyzed with independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and Hierarchial regression analysis by using SPSS 19.0. RESULTS: In case the subject was young, with work experience of 1~5 years, single, female and position of general nurse, turnover intention was statistically significantly higher. Turnover intention, supervisor's support, nursing work environment, organizational commitment and ego-resilience showed significantly negative correlations, but burnout showed significantly positive correlations. In case of controlling general characteristics, higher correlational variables with turnover intention accounted for 30.2%. CONCLUSION: In order to reduce turnover intention of general nurses who showed higher intention with 1~5 years' work experience, situational variables such as organizational commitment and nursing work environment and interpersonal relation variables such as supervisor's support as well as personal variables such as ego-resilience should all be considered.
Female ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Intention* ; Interpersonal Relations* ; Nursing ; Regression Analysis

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to figure out influences of supervisor's and colleague's supports, nursing work environment, ego-resilience, organizational commitment and burnout on turnover intention of nurses working in general hospitals. METHODS: The data were collected from 379 nurses working in general hospitals with more than 500 beds in S city from July 1 to August 31, 2012. The collected data were analyzed with independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and Hierarchial regression analysis by using SPSS 19.0. RESULTS: In case the subject was young, with work experience of 1~5 years, single, female and position of general nurse, turnover intention was statistically significantly higher. Turnover intention, supervisor's support, nursing work environment, organizational commitment and ego-resilience showed significantly negative correlations, but burnout showed significantly positive correlations. In case of controlling general characteristics, higher correlational variables with turnover intention accounted for 30.2%. CONCLUSION: In order to reduce turnover intention of general nurses who showed higher intention with 1~5 years' work experience, situational variables such as organizational commitment and nursing work environment and interpersonal relation variables such as supervisor's support as well as personal variables such as ego-resilience should all be considered.
Female ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Intention ; Interpersonal Relations ; Nursing ; Regression Analysis

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is one of the most commonly used antiepileptic agents. With its potent effects against seizure or neuropathic pain, it also has several undesirable adverse events. CBZ has been known to induce hepatotoxicity because the drug is mainly metabolized through hepatic system, and asymptomatic liver enzyme elevation occurs in 5~10% of patients receiving CBZ. There are several cases of symptomatic hepatitis or hepatic necrosis by CBZ, however, reports of chronic cholangitis associated with CBZ medication are rare. Here, we present a case of chronic recurrent cholangitis by CBZ with pathological evidence.
Anticonvulsants ; Carbamazepine* ; Cholangitis* ; Hepatitis ; Humans ; Liver ; Necrosis ; Neuralgia ; Seizures

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract for assessing whether Dendropanax morbifera Léveille can be used for the development of natural mouthwash and denture cleaning solution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The extract was obtained from branches of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille. The solvent fractions were acquired by fractionating Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and butanol solvent. Paper disc test was used to evaluate the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract and solvent fractions against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. The analysis of antioxidant activity was carried out through DPPH radical scavenging assay. The cytotoxicity of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract was analyzed through MTT assay using normal human oral keratinocytes. RESULTS: Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract showed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and especially Candida albicans. The solvent fractions of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille showed strong antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in n-hexane and butanol solvent fraction, respectively. Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract also showed outstanding antioxidant activity. Butanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform solvent fraction of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille tended to have increased antioxidant activity as the concentration increased. Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract showed high cell survival rate in cytotoxicity test. CONCLUSION: Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract turned out to have antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and cytophilicity. Based on these results, it is expected that Dendropanax morbifera Léveille is applicable as an ingredient for natural mouthwash and denture cleanser.
Candida albicans ; Cell Survival ; Chloroform ; Denture Cleansers ; Dentures* ; Humans ; Keratinocytes ; Streptococcus mutans

Sasa borealis leaf has been known to have anti-diabetic properties. In this study, we tried to evaluate the effects of Sasa borealis leaf extract (SBE) on the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity and postprandial glycemic response following ingestion of four carbohydrate-rich foods; cooked rice, ramen (instant noodle), noodle, and bread. Fourteen healthy female adults consumed 50 g of glucose (control) or one of the four foods containing 50 g of available carbohydrate with or without 2,000 mg of SBE. The activity of alpha-glucosidase was inhibited dose-dependently by SBE. With SBE, blood glucose concentration at 15 min and the positive area under the curve (AUC) of postprandial glycemic response at 15 min and 30 min after consuming each of the four foods were reduced significantly. As the result, total positive AUC during 120 min was decreased in case of taking cooked rice or bread. Glycemic index and glycemic load of the four foods were declined from 13% to 23% with SBE. The results of this study suggest that SBE may be effective for postprandial glucose control by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase activity.
Adult ; alpha-Glucosidases ; Area Under Curve ; Blood Glucose ; Bread ; Eating ; Female ; Glucose ; Glycemic Index ; Humans ; Sasa

Kainic acid (KA) is a frequently used excitotoxin in experimental epilepsy research. The excitatory effect of KA leads to generalized convulsions when KA is administered systematically at convulsant doses. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous messenger that plays a role in neurotransmission. NO is formed by NO synthase (NOS) from arginine. Purification and molecular cloning led to identification of at least three NOS isoforms designated as neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS). In the central nervous system, NO seems to be involved in plasticity and cytotoxicity. Therefore, the present study has investigated the congruence of mRNA induction and protein expression of nNOS, eNOS, iNOS and neuropeptide Y (NPY) following KA-induced seizure activity. The patterns of NOS and NPY were studied by NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR in the rat brain. NADPH-d displayed a region-specific induction pattern. Regions of NADPH-d induction were the motor cortex and perirhinal cortex of KA treated group. Whereas NADPH-d neurons were not induced in auditory cortex, visual cortex, cingulate cortex, insular cortex, retrosplenial cortex and ectorhinal cortex of KA treated group. NPY neurons were not induced in all cortical areas of KA treated group. Subsequent to cortical neuronal induction, NADPH-d activity was increased in constitutive NADPH-d neurons of 1 and 3 days group of KA treatment. 1 and 3 days following KA administration, increased levels of nNOS, eNOS and iNOS mRNA were seen in the cerebral cortex. However, the level of NPY mRNA was decreased in 6 and 12 days after seizure. These findings demonstrate that mRNAs encoding for NOS isoforms are translated into the respective proteins following excitotoxic seizure.
Animals ; Arginine ; Auditory Cortex ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Cerebral Cortex* ; Cloning, Molecular ; Epilepsy* ; Gyrus Cinguli ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kainic Acid ; Motor Cortex ; Neurons* ; Neuropeptide Y* ; Neuropeptides* ; Neurotoxins ; Nitric Oxide Synthase* ; Nitric Oxide* ; Plastics ; Protein Isoforms ; Rats* ; RNA, Messenger ; Seizures ; Synaptic Transmission ; Visual Cortex

OBJECTIVES: Humidifier disinfectants (HDs) were sold in Korea from 1994 until their recall in 2011. We examined the incidence patterns of 8 respiratory diseases before and after the HD recall and estimated the attributable risk in the Korean population. METHODS: Using National Health Insurance data from 2002 to 2019, we performed age–cohort–period and differences-in-diffference analyses (comparing periods before vs. after the recall) to estimate the population-attributable fraction and the excess number of episodes. The database comprised 51 million individuals (99% of the Korean population). The incidence of 8 diseases—acute upper respiratory infection (AURI), acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), asthma, pneumonia, chronic sinusitis (CS), interstitial lung disease (ILD), bronchiectasis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)—was defined by constructing episodes of care based on patterns of medical care and the clinical characteristics of each disease. RESULTS: The relative risks (RRs) for AURI, ALRI, asthma, pneumonia, CS, and ILD were elevated among younger individuals (with an RR as high as 82.18 for AURI in males), whereas chronic conditions such as bronchiectasis, COPD, and ILD showed higher RRs in older individuals. During the HD exposure period, the population-attributable risk percentage ranged from 4.6% for bronchiectasis to 25.1% for pneumonia, with the excess number of episodes ranging from 6,218 for ILD to 3,058,861 for CS. Notably, females of reproductive age (19-44 years) experienced 1.1-9.2 times more excess episodes than males. CONCLUSIONS This study provides epidemiological evidence that inhalation exposure to HDs affects the entire respiratory tract and identifies vulnerable groups.

OBJECTIVES: Humidifier disinfectants (HDs) were sold in Korea from 1994 until their recall in 2011. We examined the incidence patterns of 8 respiratory diseases before and after the HD recall and estimated the attributable risk in the Korean population. METHODS: Using National Health Insurance data from 2002 to 2019, we performed age–cohort–period and differences-in-diffference analyses (comparing periods before vs. after the recall) to estimate the population-attributable fraction and the excess number of episodes. The database comprised 51 million individuals (99% of the Korean population). The incidence of 8 diseases—acute upper respiratory infection (AURI), acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), asthma, pneumonia, chronic sinusitis (CS), interstitial lung disease (ILD), bronchiectasis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)—was defined by constructing episodes of care based on patterns of medical care and the clinical characteristics of each disease. RESULTS: The relative risks (RRs) for AURI, ALRI, asthma, pneumonia, CS, and ILD were elevated among younger individuals (with an RR as high as 82.18 for AURI in males), whereas chronic conditions such as bronchiectasis, COPD, and ILD showed higher RRs in older individuals. During the HD exposure period, the population-attributable risk percentage ranged from 4.6% for bronchiectasis to 25.1% for pneumonia, with the excess number of episodes ranging from 6,218 for ILD to 3,058,861 for CS. Notably, females of reproductive age (19-44 years) experienced 1.1-9.2 times more excess episodes than males. CONCLUSIONS This study provides epidemiological evidence that inhalation exposure to HDs affects the entire respiratory tract and identifies vulnerable groups.

OBJECTIVES: Humidifier disinfectants (HDs) were sold in Korea from 1994 until their recall in 2011. We examined the incidence patterns of 8 respiratory diseases before and after the HD recall and estimated the attributable risk in the Korean population. METHODS: Using National Health Insurance data from 2002 to 2019, we performed age–cohort–period and differences-in-diffference analyses (comparing periods before vs. after the recall) to estimate the population-attributable fraction and the excess number of episodes. The database comprised 51 million individuals (99% of the Korean population). The incidence of 8 diseases—acute upper respiratory infection (AURI), acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), asthma, pneumonia, chronic sinusitis (CS), interstitial lung disease (ILD), bronchiectasis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)—was defined by constructing episodes of care based on patterns of medical care and the clinical characteristics of each disease. RESULTS: The relative risks (RRs) for AURI, ALRI, asthma, pneumonia, CS, and ILD were elevated among younger individuals (with an RR as high as 82.18 for AURI in males), whereas chronic conditions such as bronchiectasis, COPD, and ILD showed higher RRs in older individuals. During the HD exposure period, the population-attributable risk percentage ranged from 4.6% for bronchiectasis to 25.1% for pneumonia, with the excess number of episodes ranging from 6,218 for ILD to 3,058,861 for CS. Notably, females of reproductive age (19-44 years) experienced 1.1-9.2 times more excess episodes than males. CONCLUSIONS This study provides epidemiological evidence that inhalation exposure to HDs affects the entire respiratory tract and identifies vulnerable groups.

OBJECTIVES: Humidifier disinfectants (HDs) were sold in Korea from 1994 until their recall in 2011. We examined the incidence patterns of 8 respiratory diseases before and after the HD recall and estimated the attributable risk in the Korean population. METHODS: Using National Health Insurance data from 2002 to 2019, we performed age–cohort–period and differences-in-diffference analyses (comparing periods before vs. after the recall) to estimate the population-attributable fraction and the excess number of episodes. The database comprised 51 million individuals (99% of the Korean population). The incidence of 8 diseases—acute upper respiratory infection (AURI), acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), asthma, pneumonia, chronic sinusitis (CS), interstitial lung disease (ILD), bronchiectasis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)—was defined by constructing episodes of care based on patterns of medical care and the clinical characteristics of each disease. RESULTS: The relative risks (RRs) for AURI, ALRI, asthma, pneumonia, CS, and ILD were elevated among younger individuals (with an RR as high as 82.18 for AURI in males), whereas chronic conditions such as bronchiectasis, COPD, and ILD showed higher RRs in older individuals. During the HD exposure period, the population-attributable risk percentage ranged from 4.6% for bronchiectasis to 25.1% for pneumonia, with the excess number of episodes ranging from 6,218 for ILD to 3,058,861 for CS. Notably, females of reproductive age (19-44 years) experienced 1.1-9.2 times more excess episodes than males. CONCLUSIONS This study provides epidemiological evidence that inhalation exposure to HDs affects the entire respiratory tract and identifies vulnerable groups.