PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to figure out influences of supervisor's and colleague's supports, nursing work environment, ego-resilience, organizational commitment and burnout on turnover intention of nurses working in general hospitals. METHODS: The data were collected from 379 nurses working in general hospitals with more than 500 beds in S city from July 1 to August 31, 2012. The collected data were analyzed with independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and Hierarchial regression analysis by using SPSS 19.0. RESULTS: In case the subject was young, with work experience of 1~5 years, single, female and position of general nurse, turnover intention was statistically significantly higher. Turnover intention, supervisor's support, nursing work environment, organizational commitment and ego-resilience showed significantly negative correlations, but burnout showed significantly positive correlations. In case of controlling general characteristics, higher correlational variables with turnover intention accounted for 30.2%. CONCLUSION: In order to reduce turnover intention of general nurses who showed higher intention with 1~5 years' work experience, situational variables such as organizational commitment and nursing work environment and interpersonal relation variables such as supervisor's support as well as personal variables such as ego-resilience should all be considered.
Female ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Intention* ; Interpersonal Relations* ; Nursing ; Regression Analysis

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to figure out influences of supervisor's and colleague's supports, nursing work environment, ego-resilience, organizational commitment and burnout on turnover intention of nurses working in general hospitals. METHODS: The data were collected from 379 nurses working in general hospitals with more than 500 beds in S city from July 1 to August 31, 2012. The collected data were analyzed with independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and Hierarchial regression analysis by using SPSS 19.0. RESULTS: In case the subject was young, with work experience of 1~5 years, single, female and position of general nurse, turnover intention was statistically significantly higher. Turnover intention, supervisor's support, nursing work environment, organizational commitment and ego-resilience showed significantly negative correlations, but burnout showed significantly positive correlations. In case of controlling general characteristics, higher correlational variables with turnover intention accounted for 30.2%. CONCLUSION: In order to reduce turnover intention of general nurses who showed higher intention with 1~5 years' work experience, situational variables such as organizational commitment and nursing work environment and interpersonal relation variables such as supervisor's support as well as personal variables such as ego-resilience should all be considered.
Female ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Intention ; Interpersonal Relations ; Nursing ; Regression Analysis

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is one of the most commonly used antiepileptic agents. With its potent effects against seizure or neuropathic pain, it also has several undesirable adverse events. CBZ has been known to induce hepatotoxicity because the drug is mainly metabolized through hepatic system, and asymptomatic liver enzyme elevation occurs in 5~10% of patients receiving CBZ. There are several cases of symptomatic hepatitis or hepatic necrosis by CBZ, however, reports of chronic cholangitis associated with CBZ medication are rare. Here, we present a case of chronic recurrent cholangitis by CBZ with pathological evidence.
Anticonvulsants ; Carbamazepine* ; Cholangitis* ; Hepatitis ; Humans ; Liver ; Necrosis ; Neuralgia ; Seizures

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract for assessing whether Dendropanax morbifera Léveille can be used for the development of natural mouthwash and denture cleaning solution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The extract was obtained from branches of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille. The solvent fractions were acquired by fractionating Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and butanol solvent. Paper disc test was used to evaluate the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract and solvent fractions against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. The analysis of antioxidant activity was carried out through DPPH radical scavenging assay. The cytotoxicity of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract was analyzed through MTT assay using normal human oral keratinocytes. RESULTS: Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract showed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and especially Candida albicans. The solvent fractions of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille showed strong antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in n-hexane and butanol solvent fraction, respectively. Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract also showed outstanding antioxidant activity. Butanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform solvent fraction of Dendropanax morbifera Léveille tended to have increased antioxidant activity as the concentration increased. Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract showed high cell survival rate in cytotoxicity test. CONCLUSION: Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract turned out to have antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and cytophilicity. Based on these results, it is expected that Dendropanax morbifera Léveille is applicable as an ingredient for natural mouthwash and denture cleanser.
Candida albicans ; Cell Survival ; Chloroform ; Denture Cleansers ; Dentures* ; Humans ; Keratinocytes ; Streptococcus mutans

Sasa borealis leaf has been known to have anti-diabetic properties. In this study, we tried to evaluate the effects of Sasa borealis leaf extract (SBE) on the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity and postprandial glycemic response following ingestion of four carbohydrate-rich foods; cooked rice, ramen (instant noodle), noodle, and bread. Fourteen healthy female adults consumed 50 g of glucose (control) or one of the four foods containing 50 g of available carbohydrate with or without 2,000 mg of SBE. The activity of alpha-glucosidase was inhibited dose-dependently by SBE. With SBE, blood glucose concentration at 15 min and the positive area under the curve (AUC) of postprandial glycemic response at 15 min and 30 min after consuming each of the four foods were reduced significantly. As the result, total positive AUC during 120 min was decreased in case of taking cooked rice or bread. Glycemic index and glycemic load of the four foods were declined from 13% to 23% with SBE. The results of this study suggest that SBE may be effective for postprandial glucose control by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase activity.
Adult ; alpha-Glucosidases ; Area Under Curve ; Blood Glucose ; Bread ; Eating ; Female ; Glucose ; Glycemic Index ; Humans ; Sasa

Kainic acid (KA) is a frequently used excitotoxin in experimental epilepsy research. The excitatory effect of KA leads to generalized convulsions when KA is administered systematically at convulsant doses. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous messenger that plays a role in neurotransmission. NO is formed by NO synthase (NOS) from arginine. Purification and molecular cloning led to identification of at least three NOS isoforms designated as neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS). In the central nervous system, NO seems to be involved in plasticity and cytotoxicity. Therefore, the present study has investigated the congruence of mRNA induction and protein expression of nNOS, eNOS, iNOS and neuropeptide Y (NPY) following KA-induced seizure activity. The patterns of NOS and NPY were studied by NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR in the rat brain. NADPH-d displayed a region-specific induction pattern. Regions of NADPH-d induction were the motor cortex and perirhinal cortex of KA treated group. Whereas NADPH-d neurons were not induced in auditory cortex, visual cortex, cingulate cortex, insular cortex, retrosplenial cortex and ectorhinal cortex of KA treated group. NPY neurons were not induced in all cortical areas of KA treated group. Subsequent to cortical neuronal induction, NADPH-d activity was increased in constitutive NADPH-d neurons of 1 and 3 days group of KA treatment. 1 and 3 days following KA administration, increased levels of nNOS, eNOS and iNOS mRNA were seen in the cerebral cortex. However, the level of NPY mRNA was decreased in 6 and 12 days after seizure. These findings demonstrate that mRNAs encoding for NOS isoforms are translated into the respective proteins following excitotoxic seizure.
Animals ; Arginine ; Auditory Cortex ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Cerebral Cortex* ; Cloning, Molecular ; Epilepsy* ; Gyrus Cinguli ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kainic Acid ; Motor Cortex ; Neurons* ; Neuropeptide Y* ; Neuropeptides* ; Neurotoxins ; Nitric Oxide Synthase* ; Nitric Oxide* ; Plastics ; Protein Isoforms ; Rats* ; RNA, Messenger ; Seizures ; Synaptic Transmission ; Visual Cortex

PURPOSE: To compare each type of intraosseous needles for the performance. METHODS: Eighteen doctors participated. We chose chicken legs for the pediatric tibia model, and the metatarsal bone of swine for the adult humerus model, based on CT and bonedensitometry testing. We decided chicken legs for a pediatric tibia, metatarsal bones of swine for an adult humerus. Each doctor performed intraosseous insertion into the chicken leg 3 times per needle and 1 time per needle for the swine foot. In our study, we compared the following: intravenous needle (IV), spinal needle (SN), bone marrow aspiration needle (BN), Jamshidi needle (JN), and EZ-IO TM (EZ-IO). RESULTS: The success rate of EZ-IO, JN, BN, IV, and SN was 79.6%, 63%, 57.4%, 42.6%, 16.7%, respectively in the pediatric model. The bending or broken rate of IV and SN was 42.6% and 59.3%. The success rate of EZ-IO, JN, BN, SN, and IV was 83.3%, 44.4%, 33.3%, 22.2%, and 22.2%, respectively in the adult model and the success rate of the IO device, such as EZ-IO and JN was higher than in others. The time to insert was 18.9~32.0 seconds to all devices but SN, BN, IV had wide standard deviations. CONCLUSION: We suggest that using commercial intraosseous devices are more effective than using IV, SN, and BN to achieve vascular access in severely ill patients. Further study of real patient models is needed to clarify the usefulness of the devices demonstrating successful results in this study.
Adult ; Animals ; Bone Marrow ; Chickens ; Foot ; Humans ; Humerus ; Leg ; Metatarsal Bones ; Needles ; Swine ; Tibia

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is associated with severe neuronal death and reactive gliosis in hippocampus. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these pathological changes remain unanswered. ERK has been reported chronically activated in reactive glia of human epileptic hippocampus. In the present study, we investigated which of the downstream signaling molecules of ERK would be involved in MTLE. Western blot analysis demonstrated that CREB and p90RSK were strongly activated in MTLE patients. Increase in the active forms of CREB and p90RSK resulted not only from the increase in their phosphorylation levels but also from the increase in the protein levels. Activation of CREB and p90RSK was noted in the whole subfields of hippocampus with Ammon's horn sclerosis (AHS) representing a distinctive cellular distribution. However, the common major change was present in proliferating reactive astrocytes. In contrast, their activation was not significant in adjacent temporal lobes despite the presence of a number of astrocytes expressing high levels of GFAP. Our results demonstrate that chronic activation CREB and p90RSK in the epileptic hippocampus may be closely associated with the histopathological changes of AHS.
Blotting, Western ; DNA-Binding Protein, Cyclic AMP-Responsive/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Epilepsy/enzymology/*metabolism ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/enzymology/metabolism ; Hippocampus/enzymology/*metabolism ; Human ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90kD/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Temporal Lobe/enzymology/metabolism

The development of gastric cancer (GC) is closely related to chronic inflammation caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, and herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) is a receptor expressed on the surface of leukocytes that mediates potent inflammatory responses in animal models. However, the role of HVEM in human GC has not been studied. Previously, we showed that the interaction of HVEM on human leukocytes with its ligand LIGHT induces intracellular calcium mobilization, which results in inflammatory responses including induction of proinflammatory cytokine production and anti-bacterial activities. In this study, we report that leukocytes from GC patients express lower levels of membrane HVEM (mHVEM) and have lower LIGHT-induced bactericidal activities than those from healthy controls (HC). In contrast, levels of soluble HVEM (sHVEM) in the sera of GC patients were significantly higher than in those of HC. We found that monocyte membrane-bound HVEM is released into the medium when cells are activated by proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-8, which are elevated in the sera of GC patients. mHVEM level dropped in parallel with the release of sHVEM, and release was completely blocked by the metalloprotease inhibitor, GM6001. We also found that the low level of mHVEM on GC patient leukocytes was correlated with low LIGHT-induced bactericidal activities against H. pylori and S. aureus and production of reactive oxygen species. Our results indicate that mHVEM on leukocytes and sHVEM in sera may contribute to the development and/or progression of GC.
Aged ; Cells, Cultured ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Monocytes/metabolism ; Neutrophils/metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/*blood ; Stomach Neoplasms/*blood/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/blood

PURPOSE: The objective of this multicenter phase II study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of irinotecan and cisplatin combination chemotherapy in metastatic, unresectable esophageal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were treated with irinotecan 65 mg/m² and cisplatin 30 mg/m² on days 1 and 8 of each 21-day treatment cycle. The primary endpoint was response rate, and secondary endpoints were survival, duration of response, initial metabolic response rate, and toxicity. RESULTS: A total of 27 patients with squamous cell histology were enrolled in the study. The median age of the patients was 61 years. The objective response rate of the 20 patients in the perprotocol group was 30.0% (90% confidence interval [CI], 13.2 to 46.9). The median follow-up duration was 10.0 months, and the median progression-free survival and overall survival were 4.5 months (95% CI, 1.6 to 6.2) and 8.8 months (95% CI, 4.7 to 10.5), respectively. Four of 13 patients (30.8%) evaluated showed initial metabolic response. The median duration of response for partial responders was 5.0 months (range, 3.4 to 8.0 months). The following grade 3/4 treatment-related hematologic toxicities were reported: neutropenia (40.7%), anaemia (22.2%), and thrombocytopenia (7.4%). Two patients experienced febrile neutropenia. The most common grade 3/4 non-hematologic toxicities were asthenia (14.8%) and diarrhoea (11.1%). CONCLUSION: Irinotecan and cisplatin combination chemotherapy showed modest anti-tumour activity and manageable toxicity for patients with metastatic, unresectable esophageal cancer.
Asthenia ; Cisplatin* ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy, Combination* ; Epithelial Cells ; Esophageal Neoplasms* ; Febrile Neutropenia ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Neutropenia ; Thrombocytopenia