35 samples of Korean fermented foodstuffs were tested to isolate and to identify for aflatoxins. Aflatoxin G1 was detected in samples of soybean and Kanjang (Soybean sauce), are aflatoxins G1 & G2 in Meju (fermented soybean mass) are Dwenjang (fermented soybean paste). In the culture media of Aspergillus flavus aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 were also isolate and identified. Aflatoxins were confirmed by the thin layer chromatography with methancl : chroroform (5:95v/v) developer and the ultra violet absorption spectrum.
Absorption ; Aflatoxins* ; Aspergillus flavus ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Culture Media ; Soybeans ; Viola

The purpose of this study was to examine the knowledge and practice of the Clean Inter mittent Self Catheterization (CIC) conducted by Spinal Cord Injury Patients (SPIC) or their significant others as an activity of daily living at their homes or working places. Forty-seven patients were participated in this study. Three questionnaires developed by researchers for this study were used to collect demographic data, knowledge and practice skill of CIC. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Nineteen (19) patients experienced Urinary Track Infection (UTI) during the last one years and two of them have had several times of UTI. Knowledge level of the participant was not high enough to perform correct CIC. Some evidences indicated that the knowledge did not apply to their practice. Systematic analysis and development of educational content based on this study results was recommended and the systematic instructional design before actual patient education was strongly recommended.
Catheterization ; Catheters ; Humans ; Patient Education as Topic ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Spinal Cord Injuries* ; Spinal Cord*

Total 481 cases of gallstones from Korean patients operated at Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital during the last 6 years were classified by macroscopic view according to the classification of Sato, et al and reviewed with a special reference to age, sex, and kinds and sites of gallstones. Gallstrones were present predominatly in the age of 50-60 years, the average 52. Sex ratio (M:F) was nearly equal, being 1:1.05. Gallbladder was the most frequent site, comprising 53.2%, followed by common bile duct, 23.3% and intrahepatic location, 3.7%. Macroscopic classification revealed pigment gallstones in 53.0% (calcium bilirubinate, 41.8%; black, 11.2%); cholesterol gallstones in 36.2%, of which mixed stone being 33.1%. Cholesterol gallstones occurred predominantly in 50-60 years of age with a prediletion to females. On the contrary, elderly persons more than 60 years of age had calciu bilirubinate stones. No sex difference was found in the calcium bilirubinate stones. Eightly-six percent of cholesterol gallstones were present in the gallbladder only. Common bile duct stones were mostly composed of pigment gallstones in 80.4%.
Female ; Humans

Two unusual and rare forms of Brenner tumor are reported and the literatures are reviewed. The one, "proliferating" Brenner tumor, morphologically resembling low grade papillary transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder and regarded as a third variant intermediate between the benign and malignant forms; the other, malignant Brenner tumor of right ovary, corresponding to grade III transitional cell carcinoma of urinarybladder with areas of invasive squamous cell carcinoma and benign Brenner tumor of left ovary, combined with bilateral cystic teratomas. These tumors give additional support to the concept that Brenner tumors are composted of epithelium of urinary tract(urothelial) type.

No abstract available.
Busan* ; Cytogenetics*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Hypertension, Portal*

Purpose of this study is to find out proper means of estimating the urinary mercury excretion the normal individuals. Whole void volume was collected every 2 hours beginning from 6 o'clock in the morning until 6 o'clock next morning. Mercury excretion in each urine specimen was measured by NIOSH recommended dithizone colorimetric method (Method No. : P & CAM 145). Urinary concentration of mercury was adjusted by two means : specific gravity of 1.024 and a gram of creatinine excretion per liter of urine comparing the data with the unadjusted ones. Mercury excretion in 24-hour urine specimen was calculated by adding the amounts measured with the hourly collected specimens of each individual. Statistical analysis of the urinary mercury excretion revealed the following results : 1. Frequency distribution curve of mercury excreted in urine of hourly specimens was best fitted to power function expressed in the form of y=ax(b), Adjustment of the urinary mercury concentration by creatinine excretion was shown to be superior (y=1674x(-1.52)), r(2)=0.95) over nonadjustment(y=2702x(-1.57)), r(2)=0.92) and adjustment by specific gravity of 1.024(y=4535x(-1.66), r(2)=0.93). 2. Both log-transformed mercury excretion in hourly voided specimens and mercury excretion itself in 24 hour specimens showed the normal distributions. 3. The frequency distribution of mercury adjusting the urinary concentration of mercury by creatinine excretion was best fitted to a theoretical normal distribution with the sample means and excretion was best fitted to a theoretical normal distribution with the sample means and standard deviation than those unadjusted or adjusted with specific gravity of 1,024. 4. Average urinary mercury excretions in 24-hour urine specimen in an individual were as follows : a) Unadjusted urinary mercury excretions. mean and standard deviation :18.6+/-13.68 microgramHg/liter. median : 16.0 microgramHg/liter. range : 0.0-55.10 microgramHg/liter. b) Adjusted with specific gravity. mean : 20.7+/-11.76 microgramHg/liter x 0.024/(S.G.-1.000). median : 20.7 microgramHg/liter x 0.024/(S.G.-1.000). range : 0.0-52.9 microgramHg/liter x 0.024/(S.G.-1.000). c) Adjuested with creatinine excretion. mean and standard deviation : 10.5+/-6.98 microgramHg/g creatinine/liter. median : 9.4 microgramHg/g creatinine/liter. range : 0.0-26.7 microgramHg/g creatinine/liter. 5. No statistically significant differences were found between means calculated from 24-hour urine specimens and those from hourly specimens transformed into logarithmic values. (P<0.05).
Creatinine ; Dithizone ; Gravitation ; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.) ; Specific Gravity

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans

Ostomates have suffered from many difficulties due to their physical, psychosocial handicaps and changes of life style to include ostoma management that influences their daily and quality of life. An appropriate nursing education for ostoma management is very important. Practical education materials needs revision because those were developed by pharmaceutical companies and hospital institutions. The purpose of this study is to provide more practical and resonable education materials for ostomates by doing analysis and survey of educational materials now being used. We surveyed 8 types of educational materials used in 23 university hospitals and medical centers used in 23 university hospitals and medical centers in Seoul ; four of them were developed by department of nursing and the remainder by an Ostomy Company. Data, collected from July 14, 1997 through July 31, 1997 were analyzed. The results are as follows ; 1. The analyzed of education guide, on ostomate included 14 subcategories ; introduction, structure and fuction of gastrointestinal tracts, definition of stoma, types of ostomy, definition of peristalsis, methods of defection management, selection of instrument, resolution of problems and general situations following surgery, daily life, where to ask for help, explanations for terms, information about where to buy instrument, explanations for enterostomal therapist, a matter of consultation with doctor, etc. 2. Introduction contained specific contents on practical ostomate management that ostomates would experience through their lives. Ostomate education guides were developed 3 hospitals except one which missed this point. 3. Most ostomate education guides, except one hospital, helped ostmates to understand their physical structure change with specific explanation on gastrointestinal tracts with figures. 4. Six institution did not talk about the definition of peristalsis. 5. All institutions, except two, helped ostomates to understand types of ostomy with figures. 6. More detailed explanations in natural defecation are needed. The benefits and pitfalls in natural defection should be more specified. 7. No psychosocial difficulties of ostomy management were addressed. 8. The efficiency off enema can be better understand through all explanations with figures. Some institutions did not mention items about definition, benefits, pitfalls of enema, sequency of enema, how to wash, cautions performing and enema, skin management, cleaning instrument after enema proper time to spend. 9. There were no detailed contents and what to do in case of not being able to do enema. 10. Only one educational material mentioned emotional aspects after the surgery. 11. Most institution explained sucategory of daily life but did not provide specific contents on the difficulties of physical, psychological, and sociocultural controls. 12. The subcategory of ureterostomy education guides included explanations in normal structure and function of urinary tracts, types of ureterostomy, how to management skin, usage and types instrument, commercial urostomy, how to manage instrument, daily life, introduction the general contents. However, more specific explanations were needed.
Defecation ; Education ; Education, Nursing ; Enema ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Hospitals, University ; Life Style ; Nursing ; Ostomy ; Peristalsis ; Quality of Life ; Seoul ; Skin ; Ureterostomy ; Urinary Tract

No abstract available.
Checklist* ; Child ; Child Behavior* ; Child* ; Conduct Disorder* ; Humans