OBJECTIVE: Conventional methods for organotypic hippocampal tissue slice culture (OHSC) have shown several disadvantages or limitations regarding age of animals used, duration of culture and difficulty using neurodegenerative models. Therefore, we tried to establish OHSC from old 3xTg-Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mice for longer period (over 4 weeks) and to validate utility of this system as a valid platform for translational neuroscience of AD. METHODS: OHSC was performed with old 3xTg-AD mice (12–14 months), old wild type mice (12–14 months) and young 3xTg-AD mice (2–4 months) using serum-free medium for 4 weeks. Hippocampal structure was evaluated by 4’, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) intensity and neuronal metabolism was measured by Alamarblue assay. Pathologic characteristics of AD were also investigated; β-amyloid levels by ELISA, amyloid plaque deposition by Thioflavin-S staining, and glial activation by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Following 4-week culture in serum-free media, hippocampal cells and layers were well preserved in cultured slices from old AD mice as was in those from young AD and old wild type mice. On the contrary, excessive regression of total visible cells was observed in conventional serum-containing medium regardless of genotype of mice. In parallel with this well preserved structure, major pathologic characteristics of AD were also well manifested in hippocampal slices from old AD mice. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that long-term OHSC from old 3xTg-AD mouse can serve as a promising ex vivo system for studies on pathophysiology of AD, especially with the minimum number of sacrifice of experimental animals.
Alzheimer Disease ; Animals ; Culture Media, Serum-Free ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Genotype ; Hippocampus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Metabolism ; Mice ; Neurons ; Neurosciences ; Plaque, Amyloid

OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of tissue harmonic imaging (THI) and pulse-inversion harmonic imaging (PIHI) in the evaluation of normal and abnormal fetuses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one pregnant women who bore a total of 31 normal and ten abnormal fetuses underwent conventional ultrasonography (CUS), and then THI and PIHI. US images of six organ systems, namely the brain, spine, heart, abdomen, extremities and face were compared between the three techniques in terms of overall conspicuity and the definition of borders and internal structures. RESULTS: For the brain, heart, abdomen and face, overall conspicuity at THI and PIHI was significantly better than at CUS (p < 0.05). There was, though, no significant difference between THI and PIHI. Affected organs in abnormal fetuses were more clearly depicted at THI and PIHI than at CUS. CONCLUSION: Both THI and PIHI appear to be superior to CUS for the evaluation of normal or abnormal structures, particularly the brain, heart, abdomen and face.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the utility of hysterosonography (HS) as a screening method in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) and HS for 105 patients whose diagnosis was confirmed pathologically. All 105 patients were initially evaluated on the same day with both TVS and HS. On TVS and HS examination, endometrial cavitary lesions were classified as diffuse hyperplasia, endometrial polyp, endometrial cancer, uterine synechia and submucosal leiomyoma. Hysteroscopy with biopsy (n=35), curettage (n=60) or hysterectomy (n=10) was performed, and the results of TVS and HS examination were correlated with the pathological findings. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity were 79.0% and 45.8% for TVS, and 95.1% and 83.3% for HS, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 83.0% and 39.3% for TVS, and 95.1% and 83.3% for HS, respectively. Twenty-seven showed a discrepancy between the TVS and HS, and eight cases showed a discrepancy between HS and the pathologic diagnosis. CONCLUSION: TVS is a sensitive method to evaluate the endometrial cavitary lesions, but it often does not provide the physician with sufficient diagnostic information. With its higher sensitivities, specificities and positive and negative predictive values, HS can be better used than TVS in evaluating those patients with abnormal uterine bleeding.
Adult ; Aged ; Comparative Study ; *Endosonography/methods ; Female ; Human ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Uterine Hemorrhage/etiology/*ultrasonography

OBJECTIVE: To assess the sizes and configurations of thermal zones after overlapping ablations using a coaxial radiofrequency (RF) electrode and multiple cannulae in ex-vivo bovine liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For ablation procedures, a coaxial RF electrode and introducer set was used. Employing real-time ultrasound guidance and overlapping techniques in explanted, fresh bovine liver, we created five kinds of thermal zones with one (n=10), two (n=8), four (n=3), and six ablation spheres (n=3). Following ablation, MR images were obtained and the dimensions of all thermal zones were measured on the longitudinal or transverse section of specimens. The shape of the composite ablation zones was evaluated using three-dimensional MR image reconstruction. RESULTS: At gross pathologic examination of ten single-ablation zones (spheres), the long-axis (transverse) and short-axis lengths of zones ranged from 3.7 to 4.4 (mean, 4.1) cm and from 3.5 to 4.0 (mean, 3.7) cm, respectively. The long-axis (transverse) and short-axis lengths of double-ablation zones (cylinders) with 23% overlap ranged from 7.0 to 7.7 (mean, 7.3) cm and from 3.0 to 3.9 (mean, 3.5) cm, respectively; those with 58% overlap ranged from 6.0 to 6.4 (mean, 6.2) cm and from 3.8 to 4.6 (mean, 4.3) cm, respectively. The long-axis (diagonal) and short-axis lengths on a transverse section of four-ablation zones (cakes) ranged from 8.5 to 9.7 (mean, 9.1) cm and from 3.0 to 4.1 (mean, 3.7) cm, respectively. Gross pathologic examination of three composite six-ablation zones (spheres) showed that the long-axis (diagonal) and short-axis lengths of zones ranged from 9.0 to 9.9 (mean, 9.4) cm and from 6.8 to 7.5 (mean, 7.2) cm, respectively. T2-weighted MR images depicted low-signal thermal zones containing multiple curvilinear and spotty regions of hyperintensity. CONCLUSION: Using a coaxial RF electrode and multiple cannulae, together with ultrasound guidance and precise overlapping ablation techniques, we successfully created predictable thermal zones in ex-vivo bovine liver.

PURPOSE: To analyze the enhancement patterns and morphology of peripheral cholangiocarcinomas (CCs), as seen on three-phase helical CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three-phase helical CT scans of 25 cases of 24 patients with pathologically-proven CCs were retrospectively reviewed. After intravenous administration of contrast media, scans of the hepatic arterial phase (HAP) were obtained at 30 seconds, of the portal venous phase (PVP) at 70 seconds, and of the delayed phase (DP) at 3 minutes. RESULTS: Linear, dense, marginal enhancement was seen in 17 CCs (68%), mainly on HAP images (64%) while thick, band-like, peripheral enhancement was seen in 18 (72%), on either PVP (52%) or DP (44%). Internal enhancement was observed in 23 CCs (92%) on PVP (68%) and/or DP (88%), and 19 CCs (76%) among them showed incomplete enhancement of stippled and/or septated patterns. Most (76%) were seen throughout all three phases to be hypoattenuating, as compared to the surrounding parenchyma. On HAP, wedge-shaped parenchymal enhancement was demonstrated at the periphery of 19 CCs (76%) suggesting impaired portal flow. Associated morphologic findings were satellate nodules (n=15, 60%), lymphadenopathy (n=14, 56%), focal dilatation of intrahepatic ducts around the tumor (44%), umbilication of the liver surface (50%), and clonorchiasis (44%). CONCLUSION: On three-phase helical CT, peripheral cholangiocarcinoma showed linear marginal enhancement on HAP, thick peripheral enhancement on PVP and/or DP, stippled and septated enhancing foci on DP, and peritumoral wedge enhancement on HAP. Associcated findings such as satellite nodules, focal dilatation of the intrahepatic ducts, umbilication of the tumor, and clonorchiasis were helpful.
Administration, Intravenous ; Cholangiocarcinoma* ; Clonorchiasis ; Contrast Media ; Dilatation ; Humans ; Liver ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Spiral Computed*

Objectives: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is known to have a high rate of progression to Alzheimer’s disease. Early detection and intervention of MCI are of great interest in psychiatric and socioeconomic aspects. There are various screening tools for MCI, but their sensitivity and specificity vary greatly. This study assessed the usefulness of virtual reality (VR) neurocognitive tests as an assessment tool for neurocognitive function deficit in MCI. Methods: Both VR neurocognitive tests and conventional neurocognitive tests, including MiniMental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery (SNSB), were conducted, and 21 participants completed the tests. The test results of the MCI and normal groups were compared, and correlation coefficients between the VR neurocognitive tests and SNSB were examined. Results: The mean VR neurocognitive test total score of the MCI participants was significantly lower than that of normal participants (30.0±1.0 vs. 36.9±6.4; p<0.001). There were no significant differences in the SNSB, MMSE, and MoCA scores between the two groups. The VR neurocognitive total score correlated significantly with the MMSE, MoCA, and SNSB total scores (r=0.61, r=0.54, r=0.50, respectively; p<0.05). The scores of the subdomains of VR neurocognitive tests showed significant correlations with those of MMSE, MoCA, and subdomains of SNSB, with VR executive function and visuospatial function scores showing significant correlations with the SNSB executive function (r=0.46; p<0.05) and visuospatial function (r=0.60; p<0.01) scores, respectively. Conclusion This preliminary study suggests that the VR neurocognitive test can be a feasible and realistic tool for assessing the subtle but complex cognitive deficits in MCI, emphasizing spatial reasoning and executive functions.

Objective: This study evaluated the clinical effectiveness of Minds.NAVI, a depression screening kit combining psychometric measures and stress hormone biomarkers, in a prospective clinical trial. The objective was to assess its potential as a depression screening tool and investigate the associations between psychological assessments, salivary hormone staging, and depression severity. Methods: Thirty-five participants with major depressive disorder and 12 healthy controls (HCs) were included. The Minds.NAVI software, utilizing the PROtective and Vulnerable factors battEry Test (PROVE) and salivary cortisol/dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) analysis, was employed. The PROVE test is a comprehensive self-report questionnaire that assesses depressive symptoms, suicide risk, attachment style, adverse childhood experiences, mentalization capacity, and resilience. In addition, salivary cortisol and DHEA levels were measured to evaluate the functional stage of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Results: Minds.NAVI exhibited 100% sensitivity, 91.7% specificity, and 97.9% accuracy in distinguishing depression from HCs within an exploratory small group. Salivary stress hormone phases showed changes with depression stage (p=0.030), and the proportion of patients with “adrenal exhaustion stage” was higher in the moderate/severe depression group (p=0.038). Protective/vulnerable factors differed significantly between controls and depressed groups (p<0.001). Cortisol awakening response inversely correlated with depressive symptom severity (r=-0.31, p=0.034). Conclusion This study suggested possible clinical effectiveness of Minds.NAVI, a depression screening tool that integrates psychometric measures and stress hormone biomarkers. The findings support the potential association between depression, chronic stress, and HPA axis hyporesponsiveness.