Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder characterized by recurrent cessation of breathing due to complete or partial upper airway occlusion during sleep. The incompetent tone of palatal, pharngeal, and glossal muscles which fail to maintain airway patency during sleep causes narrowing of the airway dimension and increased resistance of breathing. The identification of the sites of upper airway obstruction in patients with OSA is important in understanding the pathogenesis and deciding the treatment modality of snoring and/or OSA. Various upper airway imaging modalities have been used to assess upper airway size and precise localization of the sites of upper airway obstruction during sleep. Dynamic imaging modalities enabled assessment of dimensional changes in the upper airway during respiration and sleep. This article focused on reviews of various upper airway imaging modalities, especially dynamic upper airway imaging studies providing important information on the pathogenesis of OSA.
Airway Obstruction ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Humans ; Muscles ; Respiration ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive* ; Snoring

No abstract available.
Paraquat* ; Poisoning*

No abstract available.
Asthma*

No abstract available.
Infant, Newborn ; Jaundice, Neonatal*

No abstract available.
Hypertension, Pulmonary*

No abstract available.
Prescriptions*

Congenital urethral polyps are uncommon cause of urethral obstruction in male subjects. And polyps of the anterior urethra are considerably less common than those of the posterior urethra. Here in we report a case of anterior urethral polyps in a child with brief review of the literature.
Child* ; Humans ; Male ; Polyps* ; Urethra ; Urethral Obstruction

PURPOSE: To investigate the inhibitory effect of MMC on experimental PVR. METHODS: The cultured rabbit fibroblasts were pretreated with 3microgram/L and 300microgram/L concentration of MMC for 30 minutes. MMC-treated and -untreated fibroblasts were injected into vitreous cavity of pigmented rabbits and the development of PVR was compared each other. The retinal toxicity of MMC was evaluated histopathologically after 30 minutes-intravitreal infusion with the same concentration of MMC. RESULTS: On the final examination 8 weeks after intravitreal injection, the rate of PVR was 90%, 67%, and 20% in control group without MMC treatment, 3.0 microgram/L MMC-treated group, and 300 microgram/L MMC-treated group, respectively. The severity of PVR was milder in treatment groups than in non-treatment group in general, and the rate of PVR between control group and 300 microgram/L MMC-treated group was statistically significant (P<0.01). At 1 and 4 weeks of histopathologic study using the light and electromicroscopy to evaluate the retinal toxicity to MMC, the retina and retinal pigment epithelium showed similar findings in MMC-treated groups compared to non-MMC-treated control group. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that pharmacologic therapy with MMC may be useful in the prevention of development and recurrence of PVR in the management of complex retinal detachment.
Fibroblasts ; Intravitreal Injections ; Mitomycin* ; Rabbits ; Recurrence ; Retina ; Retinal Detachment ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium ; Retinaldehyde ; Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surgical results of balloon catheter dacryocystoplasty (DCP) for congenital nasolacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction in children and partial NLD obstruction in adults. METHODS: The authors performed balloon catheter DCP as a secondary treatment of eight children (nine lacrimal systems) over 12 months of age who had been failed by probing, and as a primary treatment of five adults (five lacrimal systems) whose lacrimal system was partially obstructed. In children, Lacricath was inflated at the level of the valve of Hasner and 5 mm proximal to that level, three times with eight atm (bars) for 90 seconds at each level. In adults, the procedure was the same for children, but if there is any doubt of common canalicular stenosis, inflation at that level was included. RESULTS: Seven of eight children (eight of nine lacrimal systems) and three of five adults (three of five lacrimal systems) showed objective and subjective improvement at the mean follow-up period of 5.3 months and 5.0 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Balloon catheter DCP was thought to be an alternative to silicone tube intubation in children with NLD obstruction who had been failed by probing and also a useful primary treatment in adults with partial NLD obstruction in the office setting.
Adult* ; Catheters* ; Child* ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Inflation, Economic ; Intubation ; Nasolacrimal Duct ; Silicones

PURPOSE: To report a case of idiopathic sclerosing inflammatory tumor presenting as painful masses in the medial side of both upper eyelids. CASE SUMMARY: A 26-year-old female presented with pain in both eyes at upward gaze and progressive medial side masses on bilateral upper eyelids 3-4 months prior. Orbit MRI showed an orbital benign tumor and partial excisional biopsy was performed for the larger right upper eyelid mass. The biopsy result was chronic inflammation with fibrosis. There was no change in the masses size after an oral steroid was prescribed for 11 days. At 6 weeks after the first operation, complete excisional biopsy was performed for the bilateral upper eyelid masses and idiopathic sclerosing inflammatory tumor was diagnosed. Intravenous steroid injections were administered twice with a 1-week interval postoperatively. After 6 months of follow-up, no recurrence was evident. CONCLUSIONS: Idiopathic sclerosing inflammatory tumor usually involves the anterior, lateral, or apex of the unilateral orbit and does not invade the inferomedial side of the orbit and typically has a chronic course. We experienced a rare case of idiopathic sclerosing inflammatory tumor that involved the medial side of both upper eyelids which was cured by complete excision.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Eyelids* ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Orbit ; Recurrence