Recently, the incidence of fracture and dislocation of the proximal humerus has been increased with increment of traffic accident and industrial accident. Although most proximal humeral fractures can be treated satisfactorily by simple conservative treatment, the displaced fracture or fracture-dislocatiion of the proximal humerus demands special treatment and judgement. It has been reported that the results of the surgical treatment of the unstable fracture of the proximal humerus was better than that of conservative treatment. The authors analysed 32 cases displaced fracture or fracture-dislocation of the proximal humerus treated operatively which were followed up more than 1 year at the Dae Han Hospital from June, 1990 to May, 1993. The obtained results were as follows; l. According to Neer's classification, there were 2-part fracture in 3 cases(9%), 3-part in 17 cases(54%), 4-part in 2 cases(6%), fracture-dislocation in 8 cases(25%) and head splitting in 2 cases(6%). 2. The clinical results by Neer's criteria were excellent in 9 cases(28%), good in 14 cases(44%), fair in 7 cases(22%), and poor in 2 cases(6%) among the 32 cases. 3. The complication were limitation of motion in 4 cases, avscular necrosis of humeral head in 2 cases, nonunion in 1 case, delayed union in 1 case, ectopic ossification in 1 case and malunion in 1 case. 4. In the unstable fracture of the proximal humerus treated by accurate reduction and rigid fixation with intensive rehabilitation can be obtained, relatively satisfactory results because of the inability to maintain an acceptable closed reduction.
Accidents, Occupational ; Accidents, Traffic ; Classification ; Dislocations ; Head ; Humeral Head ; Humerus ; Incidence ; Necrosis ; Ossification, Heterotopic ; Rehabilitation ; Shoulder Fractures

The fracture of the tibial condyle involving the articular surface can produce some disability of the knee joint because it is frequently accompanied by soft tissue injury to the ligaments and menisci. Accurate anatomical reduction and rigid internal fixation with early mobilization is known to provide good results. The authors analysed 50 cases of the fracture of the tibial condyle which were treated with recent method(anatomical reduction, rigid fixation and early joint motion) at the Dae Han Hospital from January, 1988 to May, 1993. The results were summerized as follows: 1. The associated injuries were ligamentous injury in 24 cases(48%), fibular fracture in 21 cases(42%), femur fracture in 7 cases(14%) and meniscal injury in 7 cases(14%). 2. According to Hohl's classification, the split compression type was most common in 17 cases(34%), and there were 14 comminuted type(28%), 8 local compression type(16%), 7 total condylar compression type(14%) and 4 split type(8%). 3. Method of internal fixation were plate & screw in 32 cases(64%), tibial bolt & screw in 18 cases(36%), bone graft in 31 cases(62%), ligament repair in 24 cases(48%) and menisectomy in 4 cases(8%). 4. The clinical result by Insall's criteria were excellent in 37 cases(74%), good in 8(16%), fair in 3(6%), poor in 2(4%) among 50 cases.
Classification ; Early Ambulation ; Femur ; Joints ; Knee Joint ; Ligaments ; Methods ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; Transplants

Colles' fracture is a common injury encountered in emergency departments. Despite the frequent experience of every orthopedic surgeon with Colles' fracture, considerable variation remains in the treatment of fracture of the distal radius. Everyone nearly agress that reduction of the fracture is not difficult, but maintenance of reduction is the problem. Eighty patients with Colles' fracture were treated with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning under the C-arm fields and followed up more than 1 year, from January 1990 to May 1993 at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dae Han Hospital. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The fractures were classified according to the system of Gartland and Werley. Of the 80 cases, 12(5%) were type 1; 25(31%) type 2; and 43(54%) type 3. 2. Complications were such as; temporary neuropathy of median nerve 2 cases, redisplacement 2 cases, radiocarpal arthritis 1 cases, stiff hand 1 case and shoulder hand syndrome 1 case. 3. The overall assessment showed exellent in 29 patients(36.2%), good in 44 patients(55,0%) and poor in 7 patients(8.8%) under the subjective and objective criteria of Gartland and Werley and the objective criteia of Scheck. 4. The results were mainly correlated with maintenance of an anatomical reduction. 5. The percutaneous pinning was suitable for anatomical restoration and maintence, had less com plication and more advantage such as the early range of joint and simple technique. Conclusively, it was considered to be one of ideal method for the treatment of Colles' fracture in selected cases.
Arthritis ; Colles' Fracture ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Hand ; Humans ; Joints ; Median Nerve ; Methods ; Orthopedics ; Radius ; Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

Intracranial ependymal cysts are rare, congenital, benign lesions. These commonly occur in the supratentorial regions and usually generate no symptoms. The cerebellopontine angle (CPA) is an extremely rare site for ependymal cysts. Furthermore, there are no previous reports of CPA ependymal cysts related to syncope. We report a case of ependymal cyst in the left CPA with syncope. The patient underwent a cardiologic evaluation for syncope after admission, but there were no definite cardiologic abnormal findings. He underwent fenestration into the subarachnoid space, and the pathologic diagnosis revealed an ependymal cyst. We analyzed this case with review of other literatures.
Cerebellopontine Angle ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Subarachnoid Space ; Syncope*

A few studies have shown that the function of fusiform face area is selectively involved in the perception of faces including a race difference. We investigated the neural substrates of the face-selective region called fusiform face area in the ventral occipital-temporal cortex and same-race memory superiority in the fusiform face area by the event-related fMRI. In our fMRI study, subjects (Oriental-Korean) performed the implicit distinction of the race while they consciously made familiar-judgments, regardless of whether they considered a face as Oriental-Korean or European-American. For race distinction as an implicit task, the fusiform face areas (FFA) and the right parahippocampal gyrus had a greater response to the presentation of Oriental-Korean faces than for the European-American faces, but in the conscious race distinction between Oriental-Korean and European-American faces, there was no significant difference observed in the FFA. These results suggest that different activation in the fusiform regions and right parahippocampal gyrus resulting from superiority of same-race memory could have implicitly taken place by the physiological processes of face recognition.
Continental Population Groups* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Memory ; Parahippocampal Gyrus ; Physiological Processes

A few studies have shown that the function of fusiform face area is selectively involved in the perception of faces including a race difference. We investigated the neural substrates of the face-selective region called fusiform face area in the ventral occipital-temporal cortex and same-race memory superiority in the fusiform face area by the event-related fMRI. In our fMRI study, subjects (Oriental-Korean) performed the implicit distinction of the race while they consciously made familiar-judgments, regardless of whether they considered a face as Oriental-Korean or European-American. For race distinction as an implicit task, the fusiform face areas (FFA) and the right parahippocampal gyrus had a greater response to the presentation of Oriental-Korean faces than for the European-American faces, but in the conscious race distinction between Oriental-Korean and European-American faces, there was no significant difference observed in the FFA. These results suggest that different activation in the fusiform regions and right parahippocampal gyrus resulting from superiority of same-race memory could have implicitly taken place by the physiological processes of face recognition.
Continental Population Groups* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Memory ; Parahippocampal Gyrus ; Physiological Processes

A 33-year-old woman presented with tingling and paresthesia on left extremity for 2 months. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the tumor was iso- and hypo-intensity on T1-weighted image, mixed iso- and high-signal intensity on T2-weighted images and heterogeneously enhanced with rim enhancement. Neither arachnoid cleft nor dural tail was certain but mass was located extra-axially so meningioma was suspected. During operation, tumor wasn't attached to dura at all but arachnoid attachment was seen. Pathologically, clear cell type ependymoma was confirmed. Details of diagnosis and treatment of this tumor is described.
Adult ; Arachnoid ; Diagnosis ; Ependymoma* ; Extremities ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Meningioma* ; Paresthesia ; Tail

OBJECTIVE: Autophagy is one of the key responses of cells to programmed cell death. Memantine, an approved anti-dementia drug, has an antiproliferative effect on cancer cells but the mechanism is poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to test the possibility of induction of autophagic cell death by memantine in glioma cell lines. METHODS: Glioma cell lines (T-98 G and U-251 MG) were used for this study. RESULTS: The antiproliferative effect of memantine was shown on T-98 G cells, which expressed N-methyl-D-aspartate 1 receptor (NMDAR1). Memantine increased the autophagic-related proteins as the conversion ratio of light chain protein 3-II (LC3-II)-/LC3-I and the expression of beclin-1. Memantine also increased formation of autophagic vacuoles observed under a transmission electron microscope. Transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to knock down NMDAR1 in the glioma cells induced resistance to memantine and decreased the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio in T-98 G cells. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that in glioma cells, memantine inhibits proliferation and induces autophagy mediated by NMDAR1.
Autophagy* ; Cell Death ; Cell Line ; Gastrin-Secreting Cells ; Glioma* ; Memantine* ; N-Methylaspartate ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Transfection ; Vacuoles

Lymphoplasmacyte-rich meningioma is a rare WHO Grade I subtype of meningioma. The lymphoplasmacyte-rich meningioma does not have typical imaging features of a meningioma so it can mimic intracranial inflammatory condition or brain neoplasm. We report the clinicopathologic features of lymphoplasmacyte-rich meningioma in a 35-year-old woman. She suffered from progressive headache, dizziness and tinnitus over two years. The tumor exhibited atypical neuroimaging features, including obvious peritumoral edema and irregular enhancing components. She underwent total resection and histologic examination revealed a meningioma with numerous plasma cells. Her symptoms have since resolved and there has been no evidence of tumor recurrence after one year of follow-up.
Adult ; Brain Neoplasms ; Dizziness ; Edema ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Headache ; Humans ; Meningioma* ; Neuroimaging* ; Plasma Cells ; Recurrence ; Tinnitus

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest aggressive management combining a grossly total resection (GTR) with adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) as a treatment of choice for intracranial hemangiopericytoma (HPC). However, in these papers, the definitions of complete or GTR are equivocal. In the present study, we reviewed the relevant cases from our experience focused on the clinical efficacy of surgical grading of resection, and analyzed the optimal treatment strategies as well. METHODS: From January 1995 through December 2014, 17 patients treated for intracranial HPC were included in this study. We analyzed clinical presentation, radiologic appearance, pathologic diagnosis, extent of resection, and follow-up outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 26 operations were performed including 9 recurrent intracranial HPCs. Every tumor was single and had no evidence of metastasis. Most common area of tumor was parasagittal (8 patients, 47.1%), which is adjoined to superior sagittal sinus. For the initial operation, GTR was performed in 16 cases (61.5%), partial resection (PR) in 8 cases (30.8%), and an endoscopic biopsy in 2 patients (7.7%). In Simpson grading system, grade 1 was done in 2 patients (7.7%), grade 2 in 11 patients (42.3%) and grade 3 in 3 patients (11.5%). Postoperative RT was delivered in 16 patients (94.1%) regardless of the extent of resection. The median 57.57 Gy (range, 50-60 Gy) was delivered in median 33 fractions (range, 30-40). The extent of resection (conventional classification and Simpson grading system) and adjuvant RT were significantly associated with recurrence-free survival. CONCLUSION: Surgical resection of intracranial HPC, in an attempt to reach Simpson grade 1 removal, is necessary for better outcome. Adjuvant RT should be done as recommended before, to prevent recurrence, regardless of surgical resection and pathological diagnosis.
Biopsy ; Brain Neoplasms ; Classification ; Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemangiopericytoma* ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant ; Recurrence ; Superior Sagittal Sinus