PURPOSE: It is essential to know the functional and morphologic changes of the larynx in the evaluation of laryngeal lesions. Conventional CT which has relatively long examination time is not suitable for this aim. The purposes of this study are to evaluate the capability of spiral CT in the dynamic study of the larynx and to know whether this new technique can replace conventional laryngography or not. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five healthy volunteers and 20 patients with laryngeal lesions underwent spiral dynamic CT scans with 3-dimensional reconstruction of the mucosal surface. A series of spiral CT scans were done while the volunteers performed various laryngeal positions to obtain the functional and morphologic information. The maneuvers used were:quite breathing, "E" phonation, Valsalva maneuver, modified Valsalva maneuver, and a new method of our own, "modified breath holding" technique. The patients were scanned when in quite breathing. Additioal scans were obtained by using the "modified breath holding" technique. RESULTS: The dynamic study with spiral CT could provide high resolutional images which nicely depicted the mobility of vocal cords and the mucosal changes of the laryngeal cavity in both healthy volunteer and patient groups. In patient group, the new "modified breath holding" technique was easier and more reproducible than other maneuvers. CONCLUSION: Spiral CT allows a dynamic study of the larynx and can be a new alternative of laryngography.
Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Larynx* ; Phonation ; Respiration ; Tomography, Spiral Computed* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Valsalva Maneuver ; Vocal Cords ; Volunteers

PURPOSE: CT or MRT is performed in preoperative staging of laryngeal cancer. These methods are used in assessment of the deep tissues and cartilage of the larynx, but cannot compete with laryngoscopy in the evaluation of the laryngeal surface. The purpose of this study is to evaluate feasibilty and clinical value of the 3-D reconstruction of the mucosal surface in laryngeal cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty two patients with laryngeal cancer proved by means of surgical.exploration (pathologic) or clinical examinations including laryngoscope, imaging studies and biopsy underwent preoperative staging with computed tomography(G-P);and three dimensional(3D) CT reconstruction. The TNM classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer was used to compare the imaging findings with pathologic or clinical staging. RESULTS: When the extension of primary tumor(T staging) was evaluated, the findings at only transaxial CT and those at pathologic or clinical examination were concordant in 8 of 14 cases(57.1%) of supraglottic tumor, and 3 of 6 cases(50%) of glottic tumor. The overall accuracy of CT with additional 3D-reconstruction was 85.7% for assessment of supraglottic tumor, and 66.6% for glottic tumor. CONCLUSION: 3D CT reconstruction after transaxial CT may improve outcome in preoperative staging of laryngeal cancer and has a potential value in guiding management decisions.
Biopsy ; Cartilage ; Classification ; Humans ; Joints ; Laryngeal Neoplasms* ; Laryngoscopes ; Laryngoscopy ; Larynx

OBJECTIVES: Serious mental illnesses and substance use disorder have a high level of early mortality. This study aimed to identify the causes of their deaths among patients who had been under the care of community mental health and welfare centers and addiction management centers.METHODS: We collected information on deceased individuals, whose mortality was attributable to various causes of death, from 10 Community Mental Health Centers and Addiction Centers in Gwangju Metropolitan City. The primary variables collected included psychiatric diagnosis, cause of death, smoking habits, admission history, and several socio-demographic factors.RESULTS: A total of 214 deaths among service users were studies. In Community Mental Health Centers, 109 deaths were identified, with causes that may be itemized as follows : 27 suicides(24.8%), 56 physical illnesses( 51.4%), 14 accidents(12.8%), and 12 unknown causes(11.0%). Among the physical illnesses reported, cardiovascular illness and cancer were the most common causes of death. A history of frequent admission was common among those that had died by suicide(88.9%), compared with that observed among general service users(62.0%). In Addiction Centers, 105 deaths were identified, with causes that may be itemized as follows : 7 suicides(6.7%), 71 physical illnesses(68.3%), 7 accidents(6.7%), and 20 unknown causes(19.0%). Among the physical illnesses reported, sudden death, hepatic disorder, cancer, and cardiovascular disorder were the most common causes of death.CONCLUSION: Case managers should give due consideration to and carefully manage the physical health of individuals accessing mental health services via community mental health centers and addiction centers.
Case Management ; Cause of Death ; Community Mental Health Centers ; Death, Sudden ; Gwangju ; Humans ; Mental Disorders ; Mental Health Services ; Mental Health ; Mortality ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Suicide

Objectives: The treatment rate for mental illness is low in Korea (22%) compared to Western countries (40–50%). Thus, Gwangju city commenced a mental health project termed “Mind Doctor” in 2016. Psychiatrists regularly visit mental health centers to provide services, including counseling. This paper summarizes the achievements and significance of the project. Methods: The project has been in progress for four years. This study evaluated 7,483 clients assisted by 322 center staff and 55 participating psychiatrists. The characteristics of the mental health center and addiction management center clients were identified. The center staff opinions and satisfaction were analyzed. Results: Psychiatrists placed in community mental health services played a variety of roles as counselors, supervisors, lecturers, and program organizers. During the time since the project commenced, referral rates to mental health clinics after in-center counseling increased from 9.4% to 41.6%. Half of the psychiatrists worked in psychiatric hospitals (45.5%), and were in their 30s (43.6%). Of those seen by psychiatrists in mental health centers, 42% were aged under 30 years, and almost half were male (46%). Most clients were satisfied with their consultations (90%) and were willing to recommend the project to others (88%). More than 85% of center staff responded positively to the project, particularly in 2019. Conclusion “Mind Doctor” readily identified the mental problems of community residents and provided smooth referrals to mental health clinics. Collaboration between the psychiatrists and mental health workers in mental health centers contributed to mental health promotion and early intervention to treat mental problems.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate thalamic shape alterations and their relationships with various episodic memory impairments in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). METHODS: We compared volumes and morphological alterations of the thalamus between aMCI subjects and healthy controls. In addition, we investigated the correlation between thalamic deformations and various memory impairments in aMCI subjects using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. RESULTS: The normalized left thalamic volumes of the aMCI group were significantly smaller than those of the healthy control group (p<0.0001). aMCI subjects exhibited significant thalamic deformations in the left thalamic dorso-medial and antero-medial areas compared with healthy individuals. CERAD-K Word List Memory scores were significantly correlated with the left dorso-medial areas in aMCI subjects. There were no significant correlations between verbal fluency, Boston naming test, constructional praxis, Word List Recognition, and Visuospatial Recall scores and thalamic shape in aMCI subjects. Verbal delayed recall scores were also significantly correlated with the left dorso-medial areas in the aMCI group. CONCLUSION: Structural alterations in the thalamic deformations in the left dorso-medial and antero-medial areas might be core underlying neurobiological mechanisms of thalamic dysfunction related to Word List Memory and delayed verbal recall in individuals with aMCI.
Cognition ; Memory ; Memory, Episodic ; Mild Cognitive Impairment* ; Thalamus

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: High-speed videolaryngoscopy (HSV) is the only technique that captures the true intra-cycle vibratory behavior of the vocal folds by capturing full images of the vocal folds. However, it has problems of no immediate feedback during examination, considerable waiting time for digital kymography (DKG), recording duration limited to a few seconds, and extreme demands for storage space. Herein, we demonstrate a new post-processing method that converts HSV images to two-dimensional digital kymography (2D-DKG) images, which adopts the algorithm of 2D videokymography (2D VKG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: HSV system was used to capture images of vocal folds. HSV images were post-processed in Kay image-process software (KIPS), and conventional DKG images were retrieved. Custom-made post-processing system was used to convert HSV images to 2D-DKG images. The quantitative parameters of the post-processed 2D-DKG images was validated by comparing these parameters with those of the DKG images. RESULTS: Serial HSV images for all phases of vocal fold vibratory movement are included. The images were converted by the scanning method using U-medical image-process software. Similar to conventional DKG, post-processed 2D DKG image from the HSV image can provide quantitative information on vocal fold mucosa vibration, including the various vibratory phases. Differences in amplitude symmetry index, phase symmetry index, open quotient, and close quotient between 2D-DKG and DKG were analyzed. There were no statistical differences between the quantitative parameters of vocal fold vibratory movement in 2D-DKG and DKG. CONCLUSION: The post-processing method of converting HSV images to 2D DKG images could provide clinical information and storage economy.
Kymography ; Methods ; Mucous Membrane ; Vibration ; Vocal Cords ; Voice

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There are a few reports about the function of submandibular gland obstructed by stone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histopathologic change of submandibular gland for sialolithiasis and its correlation to histopathologic grades and clinical findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospectively, we reviewed the clinical history of 23 patients who underwent submandibular gland excision for sialolithiasis. Histopathologic grades of submandibular gland were estabilished by the degrees of inflammation, atrophy, and fibrosis. We evaluated the relation between histopathologic grades and clinical findings including age, sex, duration of symptoms, number of infectious episodes, time between the last infectious episode and surgery, use of antibiotics. RESULTS: Normal to mild histopathologic grades showed 22% (5/23), the moderate grade showed 35% (8/23), the severe grade showed 43% (10/23). There is no significant relationship between histopathologic grades and clinical findings. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that, if possible, the conservative therapy should be preferred rather than performing the excision of submandibular gland for sialolithiasis.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Atrophy ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Retrospective Studies ; Salivary Gland Calculi* ; Submandibular Gland

Gadoxetate disodium is a widely used magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent for liver MR imaging, and it provides both dynamic and hepatobiliary phase images. However, acquiring optimal arterial phase images at liver MR using gadoxetate disodium is more challenging than using conventional extracellular MR contrast agent because of the small volume administered, the gadolinium content of the agent, and the common occurrence of transient severe motion. In this article, we identify the challenges in obtaining high-quality arterial-phase images of gadoxetate disodium-enhanced liver MR imaging and present strategies for optimizing arterial-phase imaging based on the thorough review of recent research in this field.
Angiography ; Arteries/anatomy & histology ; Contrast Media/*chemistry ; Gadolinium DTPA/*chemistry ; Humans ; Liver/*radiography ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging

PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the outcomes of sonographic (US) BIRADS category 4 lesions according to subcategories 4A, 4B, and 4C and palpability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the pathology results of 512 US BI-RADS category 4 lesions in 460 patients after ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsy (n = 435) and surgical biopsy (n = 77). We analyzed the results according to subcategories 4A, 4B, 4C, and palpability, and compared outcomes of five breast radiologists. RESULTS: In BI-RADS 4A lesions (n = 302), biopsy results indicated 48 malignancies (15.9%). In BI-RADS 4B lesions (n = 113), biopsy revealed 69 malignancies (61.1%). Among BI-RADS 4C lesions (n = 97), 87 lesions were malignancies (89.7 %). Palpability had no correlation with the rate of malignancy in BI-RADS category 4 lesions, and the rate of malignancy for category 4A ranged widely from 8.1% - 26.4%. CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes of US BI-RADS category 4 lesions according to subcategories varied widely between radiologists, especially for 4A lesions. The US finding itself warrants a BI-RADS 4 subcategory. In category 4 lesions, the malignant rate was the same between palpable and nonpalpable lesions.
Biopsy ; Breast ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies