OBJECTIVE: In muscle and neuronal cells, calcium channels have been classified by electrophysiological and pharmacological properties into (1) voltage-dependent Ca2+-channel(1) P/Q-type Ca2+-channel (2) N-type Ca2+-channel R(3) L-type Ca2+-channel (4) T-type Ca2+-channel (5)R-type Ca2+-channel. The present study was done in order to investigate whether there is any difference in Ca2+-channel distribution between activated and normally fertilized embryos. METHODS: The immunocytochemical method was used to identify the existence of voltage-dependent Ca2+-channels in parthenogenetically activated 2-cell embryos by ethanol and SrCl2 treatment. These 2-cell embryos were obtained by exposure to 6% ethanol for 6 min and to 10 mM SrCl2 for 2h. RESULTS: P/Q-type Ca2+ channels and L-type Ca2+-channels have been identified. Whereas, three type of Ca2+-channel P/Q-type, N-type, L-type have been identified in 2-cell embryos fertilized in vivo. CONCLUSION: Activation by ethanol was faster than those by SrCl2. However, there was difference in DAB staining of the embryos between ethanol and SrCl2 treatment (87.7% and 54.1%). Intensity of staining was also different between ethanol- and SrCl2-treated group. However, it has not been known why there was some difference in DAB staining and staining intensity in the present study.
Mice ; Animals

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Rheumatic Heart Disease*

Survivorship analysis is a useful way of expressing the long term results of joint replacement. With the increase of follow up period in total knee replacement, it has became possible to predict the survival rate of implants in total knee replacement. The survivorship of total knee replacement in 145 consecutive patients(209 knees) between 1982 and 1988 with follow-up period of up to 10 years was estimated by Dobbs' method(1980), and we analyzed, clinically and radiologically, 116 patients(177 knees) which were followed up more than 2 years(from 2 years to 10 years, average 6 years and 4 months). Also, we evaluated the knee function according to the functional knee scores of Hospital for Special Surgery. 1. The average age at operation was 55.6 years(from 19 years to 75 years). Male was 12 patients and female was 104 patients. 2. There were osteoarthritis in 83 knees(46.5%), rheumatoid arthritis in 71 knees(40.0%), secondary osteoarthritis in 18 knees(10.0%), tuberculous arthritis in 3 knees (2.0%), and Charcot joint in 2 knees(1.5%). 3. The Hospital for Special Surgery functional knee and pain scores was improved from average 43 points preoperatively to average 84 points postoperatively. The results were satisfactory in 162 knees(91.4%, excellent in 64.0% and good in 27.4%). 4. Revision surgery was performed in 15 knees of the 209 knees(7.2%), due to aseptic loosening in 9 knees(4.3%) and septic loosening in 6 knees(2.9%). 5. Survival rate of total knee replacement with reliability was 87.7%, 8 years after operation for 145 patients, 209 knees. In summary, total knee replacement is a relatively satisfying and predictable procedure which can obtain the relief of pain, restoration of function, and long term survivorship.
Arthritis ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Arthropathy, Neurogenic ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Joints ; Knee ; Male ; Osteoarthritis ; Survival Rate

There are many reports about the snapping syndrome in the hip, shoulder, ankle, but the snapping knee has rarely been reported. In general, the symptom of this disease was relatively tolerable for that seldom requires operative treatment. We experienced one case of snapping knee, for which the pain, easy fatigability and feeling of instability on both knee joint were main complaints. During an exploratory operation, we confirmed the gracilis and semitendinosus tendon passing over the medial tibial condyle. The clinical, radiologic and operative findings were reviewed.
Ankle ; Hip ; Knee Joint ; Knee ; Shoulder ; Tendons

The major purpose for the use of autotransfusion is to prevent the transmission of blood borne infectious agents, such as human immunodeficiency virus and non-A & non-B hepatitis virus. To evaluate the efficacy and quality of autolgous shed blood for autotransfusion, eighty patients who had total knee arthroplasty from Dec. 1992 to Mar. 1994, were included in one of two groups: Group I, who received the autotransfusion, or Group II, who did not. Each group included 20 patients of unilateral TKR and 20 patients of bilateral TKR. The Orth-evac system(Deknatel, USA) was used to salvage drained blood in the first six hours after the operation. All of the patients were evaluated for the postoperative blood loss, transfusion requirements, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count, blood pressure and body temperatures. l. In bilateral TKR, the reinfusion of shed blood reduced the requirements for homologous blood by 41.4%(1.2 pints in group I versus 2.9 pints in group II). In unilateral TKR, it was decreased to 36.4%(0.4 pint in group I vs 1.1 pint in group II). 2. In bilateral TKR, the requirements for homologous transfusion was decreased from 95% of patients in control group to 55% in group I .In unilateral TKR, it was decreased from 60% to 20%. 3. There were four patients who had high fever above 39℃ after autotransfusion. 4. At the immediate postoperative period there were two patients who had hypovolemic shock in group I patients who had bilateral TKR. 5. There was no clotting abnormality, no transfusion reaction and no thromboembolic disease in group I patients. In conclusion, the reinfusion of autologous shed blood after TKR is an acceptable alternative to the homologous transfusion without untoward effect.
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; Blood Transfusion, Autologous ; Body Temperature ; Fever ; Hematocrit ; Hepatitis Viruses ; HIV ; Humans ; Knee ; Platelet Count ; Postoperative Hemorrhage ; Postoperative Period ; Shock ; Transfusion Reaction

Colles' fracture is a common injury encountered in emergency departments. Despite the frequent experience of every orthopedic surgeon with Colles' fracture, considerable variation remains in the treatment of fracture of the distal radius. Everyone nearly agress that reduction of the fracture is not difficult, but maintenance of reduction is the problem. Eighty patients with Colles' fracture were treated with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning under the C-arm fields and followed up more than 1 year, from January 1990 to May 1993 at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dae Han Hospital. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The fractures were classified according to the system of Gartland and Werley. Of the 80 cases, 12(5%) were type 1; 25(31%) type 2; and 43(54%) type 3. 2. Complications were such as; temporary neuropathy of median nerve 2 cases, redisplacement 2 cases, radiocarpal arthritis 1 cases, stiff hand 1 case and shoulder hand syndrome 1 case. 3. The overall assessment showed exellent in 29 patients(36.2%), good in 44 patients(55,0%) and poor in 7 patients(8.8%) under the subjective and objective criteria of Gartland and Werley and the objective criteia of Scheck. 4. The results were mainly correlated with maintenance of an anatomical reduction. 5. The percutaneous pinning was suitable for anatomical restoration and maintence, had less com plication and more advantage such as the early range of joint and simple technique. Conclusively, it was considered to be one of ideal method for the treatment of Colles' fracture in selected cases.
Arthritis ; Colles' Fracture ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Hand ; Humans ; Joints ; Median Nerve ; Methods ; Orthopedics ; Osteotomy ; Radius ; Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

BACKGROUND: Glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus are frequently observed in chronic liver disease. However, the causal relationships between these two are difficult to prove. Chronic hepatitis B infection, which is prevalent in Korea, is thought to be a good model to study the natural history of abnormal glucose metabolism in chronic liver disease because many patients with chronic hepatitis B infection eventually progress to liver cirrhosis. METHODS: In order to evaluate glucose metabolism in chronic hepatitis B infection, we did intravenous glucose tolerance test in patients with chronic hepatitis B and age, sex and body mass index matched controls and compared the first phase insulin response and glucose disappearance rates between 2 groups. RESULTS: Patients with chronic hepatitis B showed lower glucose disappearance rate and higher plasma insulin and C-peptide area (0-10min after iv glucose) than controls. Patients with decreased glucose disappearance rate had higher AST level and decreased plasma C-peptide area (0-10min). CONCLUSION: Most of the patients with chronic hepatits B infection is associated with insulin resistance and compensatory increase in the first phase insulin secretion. Inadequate insulin secretion may contribute to decreased glucose disappearance rate in these patients.
Body Mass Index ; C-Peptide ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Glucose Intolerance ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Glucose* ; Hepatitis B, Chronic* ; Hepatitis, Chronic* ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Insulin* ; Korea ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Diseases ; Metabolism* ; Natural History ; Plasma

No abstract available.
Female ; Humans ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome* ; Pregnancy* ; Renal Dialysis*

No abstract available.
Endocardial Cushion Defects* ; Endocardial Cushions* ; Hernia, Diaphragmatic*

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of drinking patterns and the prevalence of hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorder with the assessment of alcohol policy needs in community population of urban city in Korea. METHODS: Data was collected from 1,000 residents in a single urban city in Korea, from June 1 to July 31, 2011 by a questionnaire. As research tools, socio-demographic characteristics composed of variables based on study purpose, alcohol problems and alcohol use disorder state scales composed with Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test(AUDIT) and Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener(CAGE), and the assessment of alcohol policy needs in community population questions were used. RESULTS: The lifetime experience of alcohol drinking was 97.4%. For the frequency of drinking, 21.9% of population responded 2 to 4 times per weekly. 24.4% of male had one time or more high risk drinking, defined as having four or more drinks in a sitting, per week. 51.6% experienced the first time drinking of alcohol in adolescence. The lifetime prevalence of hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorder were 14.9% and 3.3%, respectively using AUDIT. Alcohol use disorder were 9.6% with the CAGE scale. Problem drinking were 8.4% in this study. They requested the program such as prevention education(57.2%), construction of liaison system to treatment facilities( 50.1%), alcohol counseling and intervention(41.7%), and rehabilitation program(39.8%). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that alcohol problem and alcohol use disorder were much prevalent, and these problem started in the earlier age. It is necessary to develop an effective alcohol prevention program or policy with considering the needs in community population.
Adolescent ; Alcohol Drinking ; Counseling ; Drinking ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Prevalence ; Questionnaires ; Weights and Measures