The purpose of this study was to compare direct and three indirect blood pressure measurements in adults and to compare among three indirect blood pressure measurements in adults. One direct(intraarterial) and three indirect(using a mercery sphygmomanometer, a aneroid type sphygmomanometer and an automatic auscultatory device) methods of blood pressure measurement were compared in adult patients who had an arterial line. The subjects for this study consisted of 29 patients in K medical center, B medical center, B hospital and M hospital in Pusan. The data was collected from October 1, 1992 to June 30, 1993. The collected data was analysed with the SPSS program, frequency, percentage, mean, S. D., t-test, ANOVA The results of this study were as follows : 1) There was a significant difference in the systolic BP when using the direct and three indirect measurements(P<0.05). 2) There was no overall significant difference in the diastolic BP when using the direct and three indirect measurements. 3) There was no significant difference in the SBP and DBP among the three indirect measurements.
Adult ; Blood Pressure* ; Busan ; Humans ; Sphygmomanometers ; Vascular Access Devices

During the last three years, from 1967 to 1970, three hundred and three cases of psoriasis were treated by Goeckrman's regimen and oral methotrexate, 270 cases and 33 cases respectively. Authors evaluated the clinical effectivness and side effect of methotrexate and it compared with the result of Goeckermans method and review about the articles. Of the 303 psoriatics, 140 were male(44%) and 163 were female(55.6%). The majority of the primary manifestation appeared in 16 to 30 year .age group with maximal occurence in the 16 year to 20 year age group (53 cases), but 33 cases were noted below the 10 years old age(Fig.2). The duration of the disease in most cases was 1 to 10 years,but the highest number, in 72 cases, was 1 to 5 years group(Fig 3 A, 3 B). 40 cases was in below 6 months. The methotrexate were administered orally, 2. 5 mg. tab., twice daily(5 mg) for 5 to 7 days, followed by 3 to 5 days resting in accordance with the, patient's condittion. The Goeckerman regirnen of 2% coal tar and 2% salicylic acid in vaselin applied to whole skin lesions in the night and the excess tar was removed frorn skin by gentle wiping with a gauze pat, saturated with Arachis oil, in the next morning, follawed by ultra-violet ray irradiation for 30 second at first day, then the dose increased 30 second daily to reach 5 min. After the ultra-violet irradiation bath was done, and one hour later 2% coal tar and 2% salicylic acid vaselin were applied again. These schedules were repeated 2 to 3 courses (20 to 30 days) in mast cases. In occasion of Goeckerman treatment, among the completely cleared 93 cases during the preveous treatment, the most cases were recurred within 3 to 12 months but 16 cases within 1 month. In occasion of methotrexate, the lesions recurred within 6 months to 2 years in 17 cases of the 33 cases, but 3 cases were within one month after completely cured preveously. The starting of remission, in Goeckerman methods, was noted within 7 to 14 days in most cases(13 cases), and in 3 cases it started within 3 to 4 days. And the completely clearing of the lesions noted within 20 to 25 days in most cases(16 to 21 cases). The starting of remission, in methotrexate treatment of 33 cases, was occurred within 1 to 2 weeks in most cases(27 cases), and completely clearing of lesions noticed within 14 ta 20 days in 28 cases. But in 2 cases it needed only 7 days to make completely clearing the skin lesions. The side effects of the Goeckerman's method were as follow : 1) Contact dermatitis due to tar hypersensitivity in 3 cases. 2) Mild local burn due to over dose irradiation of ultra-violet ray in 5 eases, otherwise no appreciable side effects were noted. The side effecst of methotrexate were noted in 17 cases among the 33 cases. 1) Aphtous ulcer in 4 cases, 2) Peptic ulcer in one case, 3) Tinitus in one case, 4) Other side effects such as dizziness, loss of appetite, headache, fatiguability were notable in 10 cases. 5) In addition to above mentioned sidle effects the blood chemistry include L.P.T., wbc count, platelet count, ESR, Hgb, and creatinine showed as follow before and after administration of methotrexate. a) The white blood cells, platelet count were tend to decrease after the administration of methotrexate than before one. b) Among 33 cases the SGPT levels were checked in 16 cases, and in most cases it raised more and less than before the administration of methotrexate, but only 8 cases were ahove the normal ranges(35 units). The SGOT level also raised after one course, but only 8 cases were above normal ranges(40 units). c) Hgb, ESR, creatinine showed no remarkable changes. In many references the effects and side effects of methotrexate were discussed, but their view were not uniform and variable. In the clinical improvement, recurrency, and side effects, the large single weekly dose of methotrexate had no fundamental differences compare with the author's small daily doses. We agree with the Ryan's report(11), in which the large single dose were not always safer and more effective than the small dose. Still there are many important problems to study about the dosage, interval of administration, and resting period in the treatment of psoriasis with methotrexate.
Alanine Transaminase ; Appetite ; Appointments and Schedules ; Arachis ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Baths ; Burns ; Chemistry ; Child ; Coal Tar ; Creatinine ; Dermatitis, Contact ; Dizziness ; Headache ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Leukocytes ; Methotrexate* ; Peptic Ulcer ; Platelet Count ; Psoriasis* ; Salicylic Acid ; Skin ; Ulcer ; Ultraviolet Rays

The elbow is the most frequent area of complaint in children and adolescent baseball players. The physical stresses associated with repetitive throwing create extra-ordinary forces, which may affect the normal osteochondral and soft tissue developmental process and are the important factors causing the decrease of competitive power and shortening of life as a baseball player in adolescents. We surveyed the 114 baseball players of middle & high school in Taegu in order to evaluate the prevalance of symptoms and radiologic findings of the elbow and correlation of these findings to career & position of the baseball game. The results were as follows. 1. Of 114 players, 83 were non-pitchers and 31 were pitchers. The mean career was 3.8 years (7 months to 6 years). 2. The 77 players (67.7%) had the pain on their elbow during or after daily exercise. Other clinical symptoms were locking (30.7%), limitation of motion (18.4%), swelling (16.6%) and clicks on motion (10.5%). 3. On the radiogram of the elbow, hypertrophy or separation of medial epicondyle were seen in 34% of players, loose bodies in 17%, hypertrophy of the humerus in 12% and cystic change of the capitellum in 11%. 4. The mean career of symptomatic players was 4.4 years but non-symptomatics was 2.7 years. The mean career of players who had abnormal radiologic findings was 5.1 years but 3.1 years in players who had no abnormal radiologic fingings. 5. Symptoms and pathologic changes were more common in the elbow of pitcher' s group due to throwing frequency & pitching style. 6. Among the 77 players who had any kinds of problem of the elbow, 49 players of them had no experience of visiting hospital. 7. To prevent these injuries of the elbow, the following recommendations were made. First, restrict the number of innings pitched per game. Second, avoid throwing the curve ball in this age group. Third, ensue an adequate warm up period before exercise or rest after games. Fourth, inform parents and coaches of possible harmful nature of excessive throwing.
Adolescent* ; Baseball* ; Child ; Daegu ; Elbow* ; Humans ; Humerus ; Hypertrophy ; Parents

Survivorship analysis is a useful way of expressing the long term results of joint replacement. With the increase of follow up period in total knee replacement, it has became possible to predict the survival rate of implants in total knee replacement. The survivorship of total knee replacement in 145 consecutive patients(209 knees) between 1982 and 1988 with follow-up period of up to 10 years was estimated by Dobbs' method(1980), and we analyzed, clinically and radiologically, 116 patients(177 knees) which were followed up more than 2 years(from 2 years to 10 years, average 6 years and 4 months). Also, we evaluated the knee function according to the functional knee scores of Hospital for Special Surgery. 1. The average age at operation was 55.6 years(from 19 years to 75 years). Male was 12 patients and female was 104 patients. 2. There were osteoarthritis in 83 knees(46.5%), rheumatoid arthritis in 71 knees(40.0%), secondary osteoarthritis in 18 knees(10.0%), tuberculous arthritis in 3 knees (2.0%), and Charcot joint in 2 knees(1.5%). 3. The Hospital for Special Surgery functional knee and pain scores was improved from average 43 points preoperatively to average 84 points postoperatively. The results were satisfactory in 162 knees(91.4%, excellent in 64.0% and good in 27.4%). 4. Revision surgery was performed in 15 knees of the 209 knees(7.2%), due to aseptic loosening in 9 knees(4.3%) and septic loosening in 6 knees(2.9%). 5. Survival rate of total knee replacement with reliability was 87.7%, 8 years after operation for 145 patients, 209 knees. In summary, total knee replacement is a relatively satisfying and predictable procedure which can obtain the relief of pain, restoration of function, and long term survivorship.
Arthritis ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Arthropathy, Neurogenic ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Joints ; Knee ; Male ; Osteoarthritis ; Survival Rate

It has been shown that wornen with endometriosis have several immunological defects. The effect of interleukin-2 (IL-2) for the treatment of induced endometriosis in rat was studied. The results obtained are as followings: proliferation of epithelium is increased, and the inner surface is undulated with 1.5 nM IL-2. In 7.5 nM IL-2, the epithelial cells are changed to columar ones, and secretory hobs are observed at the apex of individual cell. Secretory activity of epithelium is increased with 0.5 nM IL-2, and apoptosis of the epithelial cell is observed in 15 nM IL-2. The levels of progesterone and estradiol in sera of rat were increased after treatment with IL-2 and were highest in the concentration of 1.5 nM IL-2. The results of this study can be a guide in the development of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of endometriosis.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Endometriosis ; Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium ; Estradiol ; Female ; Interleukin-2* ; Progesterone ; Rats*

PURPOSE: We reviewed the clinical and radiological outcomes of total hip arthroplasty and bipolar hemiarthroplasty for avascular necrosis of the femoral head. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1986 to December 1989, 24 cases were treated with total hip arthroplasty and 27 cases with bipolar hemiarthroplasty for avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Clinical outcomes were assessed using Harris Hip Score. Serial radiographs of the hip were used to assess stability of the femoral component, change of the acetabular cup angle, osteolysis of acetabulum or femur, wear of polyliner and erosion of the acetabular cartilage. RESULTS: The average Harris Hip Score was 93.1 in bipolar hemiarthroplasty group and 86.8 in total hip arthroplasty group at last follow up. Femoral osteolysis was observed in 17 patients of 24 total hip arthroplasties and in 14 patients of 27 bipolar hemiarthroplasties. Acetabular osteolysis was observed in 8 cases of 24 total hip arthroplasties. Revision was undertaken 8 cases (33.3%) in the total hip arthroplasty group and 6 cases (22.2%) in the bipolar hemiarthroplasty group. The main causes of revision were wear of polyliner and severe osteolysis in the total hip arthroplasty group and erosion of the acetabular cartilage in the bipolar arthroplasty group. CONCLUSION: The main cause of failure after total hip arthroplasty for avascular necrosis of the femoral head was using a 32 mm femoral head and a polyliner less than 8mm thickness.
Acetabulum ; Arthroplasty* ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Cartilage ; Femur ; Follow-Up Studies ; Head* ; Hemiarthroplasty ; Hip* ; Humans ; Necrosis* ; Osteolysis

PURPOSE: Elevated-rim acetabular liner enhances stability in total hip arthroplasty and has been widely accepted. But it has potential adverse effects. So, we assessed the effects of the elevated-rim acetabular liner clinically and radiologically. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the results of 74 total hip arthroplasties of 64 patients that had been performed from January 1993 to March 1995. Thirty-six cases of the 74 cases used elevated rim acetabular liner and 38 cases did standard liner. Dislocation rate, Harris hips score, osteolysis and revision rate were compared between two groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in mean anteversion, abduction angles of the cup and femoral offsets between two groups. Four of the 38 cases with the standard liner had a dislocation, compared with one of 36 cases with the elevated-rim liner (P=0.358) . Femoral osteolysis was observed 7 cases (18.4%) in the standard liner group and 14 cases (38.8%) in the elevated-rim liner group. Acetabular osteolysis was observed 17 cases (44.7%) in the standard group and 21 cases (58.3%) in the elevated-rim group. Nine cases (23.6%) had been revised in the standard group and 6 cases (16.6%) in the elevated group. CONCLUSION: Excessive wear and breakage of the polyethylene by impingement was developed in the elevated-rim polyethylene liner.
Acetabulum* ; Arthroplasty ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip* ; Dislocations ; Hip ; Humans ; Osteolysis ; Polyethylene

PURPOSE: To clarify the morphological patterns of the extensor tendon and juncturae tendinum on the dorsum of the hand. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty eight hands of cadavers were dissected to evaluate the morphological patterns of the extensor tendon and juncturae tendinum. RESULTS: The tendon of extensor indicis proprius and extensor digitorum communis (EDC) to the index finger arose and terminated at a single tendon. The EDC to the long finger arose as a single tendon, divided into two slips and then converged again to form a single tendon. The EDC to the ring finger arose as double tendons, divided into three or four slips and converged again into double tendons. The EDC to the little finger was usually absent (72%). The extensor digiti minimi arose and terminated as double tendons. The juncturae tendinum (JT) between the EDC tendons to the index finger and those to the long finger were of type I (thin filamentous type). The JT between EDC tendon to the long finger and those to the ring finger consisted of 16% in type I, 31% in type II (thick filamentous type) and 53% in type III (tendinous type). There were 14% of type II JT and 86% of type III JT between the ring and small fingers. CONCLUSION: A knowledge of both the usual and possible variations of the extensor tendon and the juncturae tendinum is useful in the identification and repair of these structures.
Cadaver ; Fingers ; Hand* ; Tendons*

OBJECT: The aim of this study is to determine whether exposure to chlorpromazine causes mutagenicity and genetic disorders. METHOD: Ames (Salmonella typhimurium) test and Rec assay (Bacillus subtilis) were used as indicators for DNA damage. Furthermore, the levels of umu operon expression by measuring the beta-galactosidase activity were monitered with the SOS umu test using S. typhimurium 1535 containing plasmid pSK1002. And the host-mediated assay was used to investigate the muta-genicity of chlorpromazine after the activation with in vivo metabolic systems. RESULTS: From the results, chlorpromazine did not affect DNA of S. typhimurium and B. subtilis strains and showed no mutagenicity at the all concentrations tested. These phenomena was also similar to that after metabolic activation of chlorpromazine in in vivo system. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that chlorpromazine did not show the mutagenicity and genotoxicity by four different methods used in this study.
beta-Galactosidase ; Biotransformation ; Chlorpromazine* ; DNA ; DNA Damage ; Operon ; Plasmids

PURPOSE: Two types of chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs), COS I and COS II, were investigated for the effects on ascitic tumor and enzymes for cancer chemoprevention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chitosan oligosaccharides were administered once daily for 10 days after the tumor implantation. The change of body weight was observed for 20 days, and the survival rate of mice was determined after 21 days. Chitosan oligosaccharides were administered once daily for 10 days before the tumor implantation (1 106 cells). The number of ascitic tumor cells were measured at 6 days after tumor implantation. Chemopreventive potential of chitosan oligosaccharides was examined by the induction of quinone reductase and inhibition of cytochrome P450 1A1. RESULTS: Chitosan oligosaccharides exerted antitumor activity by inhibiting the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo. Mice given Ehrlich cells and 10 or 100 mg/kg body weight of chitosan oligosaccharides had 33% survival after 21 days. Quinone reductase activity was increased with chitosan oligosaccharides. There were 26% and 33% inhibition in the activity of cytochrome P450 1A1 enzyme with the treatment of COS I and COS II, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that chitosan oligosaccharides has antitumor activity and cancer chemo preventive potential by inducing QR activity and inhibiting cytochrome P450 1A1.
Animals ; Body Weight ; Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor ; Chemoprevention* ; Chitosan* ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; Mice ; NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone) ; Oligosaccharides ; Survival Rate