The introduction of the strong clover-leafed nail combined with the principle of reaming out the medullary canal and the development of image intensifiers has been extended the indications of the in tramedullary nailing. In this report, an attempt was made to introduce the method and to verify the indications and advantage of retrograde intramedullary nailing of humeral shaft fractures, as compared with the conventionally accepted methods.
Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary ; Humerus ; Methods

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass (Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, OPCAB) causes significant hemodynamic derangement by displacement of the beating heart. The purpose of this study was to analyze the hemodynamic changes caused in relation to grafted arteries by displacing the heart and stabilizing the coronary arteries in patients undergoing OPCAB. METHODS: Nineteen patients underwent OPCAB using two deep pericardial sutures and tissue stabilizers (Octopus Tissue Stabilization Syetem, Medtronic, USA). The hemodynamic variables were obtained after induction of anesthesia, after deep pericardial sutures, before and after anastomosis of each coronary artery during epicardial stabilizing, after sternal closure, and after postoperative 6 hours and 12 hours in the intensive care unit. RESULTS: The hemodynamic variables were maintained with the Trendelenburg position, volume loading and low dose vasopressors after deep pericardial stay sutures. Displacement of the heart and placement of the stabilizer on all coronary territories except the obtuse marginal artery before anastomosis showed no significant difference in hemodynamics compared with baseline. Positioning for the graft to the obtuse marginal artery decreased cardiac index (1.6+/-0.4 L/min/m2) and stroke index (27.6+/-9.9 L/beat/m2) and increased systemic vascular resistance (2318.9+/-673.7 dyne sec cm(-5)), resulting in hemodynamic compromise (P<0.01). There were no significant hemodynamic and electrocardiographic changes before or after grafting of other coronary arteries but there was a significant increase in cardiac index after postoperative 6 and 12 hours compared with baseline values (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although the complete revascularization of most coronary arteries is feasible on the beating heart without significant hemodynamic compromise with minimal vasopressor support, the positioning for the graft to the obtuse marginal artery needs special attention because two deep pericardial stay sutures and Octopus tissue stabilizers on the obtuse marginal artery territory induce significant hemodynamic disturbances.
Anesthesia ; Arteries ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Coronary Artery Bypass ; Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump* ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Coronary Vessels ; Electrocardiography ; Head-Down Tilt ; Heart* ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Octopodiformes ; Stroke ; Sutures ; Transplants* ; Vascular Resistance

BACKGROUND: Recently, a variety of cigarettes which contain a low content of nicotine are on the market and the nicotine tends to be reduced continuously. However, studies have not yet fully demonstrated that low-nicotine cigarettes are subservient to quitting smoking. This study was designed to investigate the effects of the nicotine content on smoking attitudes and on the factors associated with successful smoking cessation. METHODS: One hundred twenty-five adult smokers, who had undergone a health examination in a general hospital, had their carbon monoxide measured after responding to the questionnaire. The items of questionnaire consisted of the duration of smoking, the age of starting to smoke, the number of attempts to stop smoking, recognition of nicotine dependence, and nicotine dependence score. RESULTS: The subjects consisted of two groups. One group was low nicotine group and the nicotine content was lower than 0.35 mg per cigarette. The other group was high nicotine group and the nicotine content was over 0.35 mg per cigarette. he age was younger and duration of smoking was shorter in low nicotine group. Monthly income, last schooling and number of attempts to stop smoking were higher in low nicotine group. There was no statistical significant differences between the two groups in the frequency of alcohol drinking, the age of starting to smoke, marital status, nicotine dependence, carbon monoxide concentration and recognition of nicotine dependence. CONCLUSION: As there was no differences in smoking habits which has infl uence on achieving quit smoking of low nicotine group, we made our conclusion that low nicotine cigarette might be unhelpful in quit smoking.
Adult ; Alcohol Drinking ; Carbon Monoxide ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Nicotine ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Tobacco Products ; Tobacco Use Disorder

In vitro PVR(Proliferative vitreoretinopathy) models allow identification of factor which may inhibit porliferation and contraction. In this study we evaluated the contraction of collagen matrix by choroidal fibroblast and the inhibition of contraction by antipoliferative drug. Each antiproliferative drug showed inhibition of collagen matrix contraction : Colchicine (0.1microgram/ml), Cytochalacin (0.05microgram/ml), Puromycin(10microgram/ml). Transmission electron microgram of collagen matrices containing colchicine, cytochalacin or puromycin showed no collagen fiber surrounding choroid fibroblast and showed cell destruction. Scanning electron microgram of collagen matrices containing colchicine, cytochalacin and puromycin showed that collagen fibers were well preserved without distortion. Colchicine, cytochalacin and puromycin are effective inhibitor of cell mediated contraction in additon to it`s potent antiproliferative effect wherease Interfereon has no anticontractile effect. The current study present a model to investigate the effect of antiproliferative drug on fibroblast mediated collagen matrix contraction.
Choroid ; Colchicine ; Collagen* ; Fibroblasts ; Interferons ; Puromycin ; Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative

There are many studies of the spousal bereavement as an important etiologic factor of depression in elders. But there are some differernt natures of spousal bereavement between the Korean and the western elderly. The problems of spousal bereavement in Korean would be more persistent than that in western. And the depressive symptoms of Korean elders are different with that of western elders due to the differences of sociocultural background. The authors studied the effect of the spousal bereavement to the depressive symptoms of elders by using KGDS (Korean Form of Geriatric Depression Scale), which already has been standardized in Korea. The subjects were consist of one hundred seventy-five, 60 years and older. The authors compared KGDS and its 5 factors in the spousal bereaved subjects group (SBG) with those in the spousal non-bereaved subjects group (SNG), and also investigated the differences according to sex and children living with the subject in the SBG. And the authors analysed the correlations between ages at spousal death, durations after spousal death and KGDS in the SBG. The mean KGDS scores in the SBG were significantly higher than that of the SNG, and especially Factor 1, Factor 2 and Factor 4 were significant. In the SBG, the mean KGDS scores of the female were significantly higher than that of the male, and especially Factor 2, Factor 3, and Factor 5 were significant. And in the SBG, the mean KGDS scores of the subjects living with children were slightly higher than those of the subjects living without children. And also in the SBG, there were negative correlations between KGDS scores and ages at spousal death, and positive correlations between KGDS scores and durations after spousal death. The authors found that the spousal bearevement could be an important etiologic factor of geriatric depression, and the risk factors of depression were female, younger at spousal death and longer duration after spousal death in bereaved elders, as the earlier studies in the western. However, the authors found that, in Korea, there were some different results from the western, such as the longer duration after spousal death and higher ratio of the widower to the widow than that in the western, the spousal bereaved elders living with children were rather depressive than who living without children.
Aged ; Bereavement ; Child ; Depression* ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Widowhood

No abstract available.
Breast Neoplasms, Male* ; Humans ; Male ; Male* ; Neoplasm Metastasis*

No abstract available.
Herpes Zoster* ; Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction*

The depressive symptoms are frequent and important ones in the elderly population. We studied the various factors affecting the severity of depressive symptoms in the elderly population. The Korean elderly (more than 65 years old; n=490) in Seoul area (city) were studied on the identifying data and medical and psychiatric history, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) Korean Depression Scale(KDS: under development)were also administered. In our study, the significant effect of sex, age, education, marital status, and the status of medical security on the severity of depressive symptoms were not found. Significantly higher GDS and KDS scores were found in the elderly who have more than one physical illness, subjective memory complaints, and seven life events. To examine the strength of association of these variables of depression, we conducted logistic regression. Depressive symptoms were associated with 1)the loss of spouse, 2)a current physical illness, and 3)low socioeconomic status. These results showed that depression in the elderly may be correlated with the loss of spouse, a current physical illness, and low socioeconomic status.
Aged* ; Depression* ; Education ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Marital Status ; Memory ; Seoul ; Social Class ; Spouses

PURPOSE: Many stresses produce reactive oxygen species and bring about mechanism of antioxidant reaction. Cytokine and a neurotransmitter through the cell membrane, as well as signal transduction through the cell membrane, are used for various pathological condition of the brain, such as neurodegenerative disease. There are several antioxidant enzymes in cells (superoxcide dismutase, glutathion peroxidasae, peroxiredoxin catalase, etc.) METHODS: This study used single- or double-label immunohistochemical techniques to analyze mouse spinal neuron cells expressing Prx I and Prx III after acute mobilization stress. RESULTS: Prx I was observed in dendritic cell of the gray matter of the spinal cord, and Prx III was observed in the cytoplasm of the GM of the spinal cord. CONCLUSION: The results of this study will help to explain differences of expression in the distributions of the peroxiredoxin enzymes of the spinal cord.
Animals ; Brain ; Catalase ; Cell Membrane ; Cytoplasm ; Dendritic Cells ; Immobilization* ; Mice ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neurons ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Peroxiredoxins* ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Signal Transduction ; Spinal Cord*

PURPOSE: Many stresses produce reactive oxygen species and bring about mechanism of antioxidant reaction. Cytokine and a neurotransmitter through the cell membrane, as well as signal transduction through the cell membrane, are used for various pathological condition of the brain, such as neurodegenerative disease. There are several antioxidant enzymes in cells (superoxcide dismutase, glutathion peroxidasae, peroxiredoxin catalase, etc.) METHODS: This study used single- or double-label immunohistochemical techniques to analyze mouse spinal neuron cells expressing Prx I and Prx III after acute mobilization stress. RESULTS: Prx I was observed in dendritic cell of the gray matter of the spinal cord, and Prx III was observed in the cytoplasm of the GM of the spinal cord. CONCLUSION: The results of this study will help to explain differences of expression in the distributions of the peroxiredoxin enzymes of the spinal cord.
Animals ; Brain ; Catalase ; Cell Membrane ; Cytoplasm ; Dendritic Cells ; Immobilization* ; Mice ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neurons ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Peroxiredoxins* ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Signal Transduction ; Spinal Cord*