No abstract available.
Humans ; Incidence* ; Infant* ; Resuscitation*

PURPOSE: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a major neurologic problem and one of the most important perinatal causes of neurological morbidity. Evaluation of the presence, extent, and subsequent evolution of hypoxic-ischemic lesions may be very important. We studied the significance of imaging modality through the analysis of brain MRI findings of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy during neonatal period and comparison with findings of brain ultrasonography. METHODS: We analysed the forty-seven infants retrospectively who were diagnosed as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and underwent brain MRI and ultrasonography from Jan. 1992 to May 1996. RESULTS: 1) The mean gestational age and birth weight of the twenty-seven infants who were premature were 32.8+/-2.08weeks and 1.97+/-0.44kg respectively. The mean gestational age and birth weight of twenty infants who were fullterm were 39.3+/-1.04weeks and 2.98+/- 0.93kg respectively. The primary hypoxic-ischemic insults occurred during antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal period. 2) The findings of brain MRI were classified into periventricular leukomalacia, encephalomalacia, basal ganglia lesion, focal parenchymal hemorrhage, ventriculomegaly without other lesion and normal finding. 3) Three infants among twenty-five infants with periventricular leukomalacia, four infants among seven infants with basal ganglia lesion and six infants among seven infants with focal parenchymal hemorrhage were not diagnosed by brain ultrasonography. 4) All of ten infants with encephalomalacia and four infants with ventriculomegaly without other lesion were diagnosed by brain ultrasonography. CONCLUSIONS: MRI can diagnose the hypoxic-ischemic lesions which would not be possible by brain ultrasonography. Therefore MRI is the imaging modality of choice for diagnosis in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. We believe that the benefits of MRI outweigh its somewhat higher cost, lack of portability and monitoring difficulties.
Basal Ganglia ; Birth Weight ; Brain ; Diagnosis ; Encephalomalacia ; Gestational Age ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain* ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Leukomalacia, Periventricular ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Retrospective Studies ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a major neurologic problem and one of the most important perinatal causes of neurological morbidity. Evaluation of the presence, extent, and subsequent evolution of hypoxic-ischemic lesions may be very important. We studied the significance of imaging modality through the analysis of brain MRI findings of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy during neonatal period and comparison with findings of brain ultrasonography. METHODS: We analysed the forty-seven infants retrospectively who were diagnosed as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and underwent brain MRI and ultrasonography from Jan. 1992 to May 1996. RESULTS: 1) The mean gestational age and birth weight of the twenty-seven infants who were premature were 32.8+/-2.08weeks and 1.97+/-0.44kg respectively. The mean gestational age and birth weight of twenty infants who were fullterm were 39.3+/-1.04weeks and 2.98+/- 0.93kg respectively. The primary hypoxic-ischemic insults occurred during antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal period. 2) The findings of brain MRI were classified into periventricular leukomalacia, encephalomalacia, basal ganglia lesion, focal parenchymal hemorrhage, ventriculomegaly without other lesion and normal finding. 3) Three infants among twenty-five infants with periventricular leukomalacia, four infants among seven infants with basal ganglia lesion and six infants among seven infants with focal parenchymal hemorrhage were not diagnosed by brain ultrasonography. 4) All of ten infants with encephalomalacia and four infants with ventriculomegaly without other lesion were diagnosed by brain ultrasonography. CONCLUSIONS: MRI can diagnose the hypoxic-ischemic lesions which would not be possible by brain ultrasonography. Therefore MRI is the imaging modality of choice for diagnosis in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. We believe that the benefits of MRI outweigh its somewhat higher cost, lack of portability and monitoring difficulties.
Basal Ganglia ; Birth Weight ; Brain ; Diagnosis ; Encephalomalacia ; Gestational Age ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain* ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Leukomalacia, Periventricular ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Retrospective Studies ; Ultrasonography

Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare multisystemic ectodermal disorder, which is characterized by vesicular, verrucous, and pigmented cutaneous lesions, and is frequently associated with various developmental defects of the eye, CNS, teeth, hair, and nail. It is regarded as an X-linked dominant genetic disorder. We recently experienced a case with IP, who presented with irregular, reticular, and slate-gray to brown colored pigmentation on the whole body at birth. Skin lesions were much improved by 6 month of age. The mother of this infant had the history of same cutaneous lesions in her neonatal period, suggesting that these lesions had familial tendency.
Ectoderm ; Hair ; Humans ; Incontinentia Pigmenti* ; Infant ; Mothers* ; Nuclear Family* ; Parturition ; Pigmentation ; Skin ; Tooth

PURPOSE: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the volume of pre- and post operative masseter muscle and bite force in mandibular prognathic patients treated with SSRO with the use of the 3D CT imaging technique and occlusal force meter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 12 patients with mandibular prognathism (5 males and 7 females) who underwent mandibular setback surgery (BSSRO) in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Samsung medical center. Bite force was measured at pre op, post op 3, 6 and 12 months by occlusal force meter(GM10, Nagano Keiki, Japan) The preoperative CT examination of subjects was performed between one month prior to operation and one year after to operation. And muscle volume was measured. RESULT: As compared to preoperative measurements at 1 year postoperatively the masseter and internal pterygoid muscle volume were diminished (p<0.05) The bite force steadily recovered, so at postoperatively 6 months reached the preoperative level. And at 1 year after operation, the maximum bite force was significantly greater than preoperative levels. No significant correlation was presented between masseter muscle and bite force (p>0.05), internal pterygoid muscle and bite force (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: In this study, the results showed that volume and bite force of the masticatory muscles decresed significantly immediate after orthognathic surgery for mandibular set-back. However, reduction of maximum bite force disappears within 6 months after surgery.
Bite Force ; Bites and Stings ; Humans ; Male ; Masseter Muscle ; Masticatory Muscles ; Muscles ; Orthognathic Surgery ; Prognathism ; Pterygoid Muscles ; Surgery, Oral

The large size and vascularity of the neonatal adrenal glands are vulnerable to traumatic and asphyxial injuries. This condition varies in presentation, which the most common is an abdominal mass alone or mass with jaundice and anemia. Some infants show signs of adrenal insufficiency. Abdomial ultrasonogram is the most valuable diagnostic tool. To result in adrenal insuffiency, hemorrhage must involve both adrenals and at least 90% of the adrenocortical tissue must be destroyed. To affect infant may show signs of hypovolemic shock, electrolyte imbalance and metabolic acidosis. Treatment for adrenal insufficiency must be immediate and vigorous, and consists of intravenous glucose, fluid, and electolyte replacement. And conservative treatment failure is candidate for steroid replacement. We experienced a case of bilateral hemorrhage with adrenal insufficiency, who improved with hydrocortisone.
Acidosis ; Adrenal Glands ; Adrenal Insufficiency* ; Anemia ; Glucose ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Infant ; Jaundice ; Shock ; Treatment Failure ; Ultrasonography

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of foodservice managers in childcare centers and kindergartens for identifying the vulnerable areas of safety management. The foodservice managers in 1,144 of nationwide childcare centers and kindergartens were surveyed from May to October 2007 to answer a total 72 questions in areas of general characteristics, actual practice of foodservice management and safety management perception. Meals were served in 97.7% of surveyed facilities and 91.0% among them were self-operated. The hiring rate (27.8%) of dietitians in childcare centers was significantly lower than the rate (82.0%) of kindergartens. The needs of dietitian employment between childcare centers and kindergartens differed as 44.9% and 87.5%, respectively. In knowledge on food-borne illnesses, they have the wrong information in the field of season for frequent outbreak, major pathogens and foods causing food-borne illnesses. The food-borne illnesses (36.2%) were indicated as the major problem in foodservice facilities and the degree of risk exposure was considered as safe (70.1%). More than 70% of both facilities answered as sanitary in the status of personal hygiene. Only 38.0% recognized the Facility and Equipment Standard in the Childcare Law and Early Childhood Education Law. In preparation of meals and management of cooking processes, kindergarten scored significantly high compared to childcare centers (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) while the necessity of standards was not different in both facilities. Among managers surveyed, 28.8% had taken food safety education from professional institutions and more than 80% in both facilities indicated the need of professional educations. These results suggest that it is necessary for the systematic sanitary education of foodservice managers by developing the sanitary management standard as well as the amendment of laws related foodservice in childcare centers and kindergartens.
Cooking ; Employment ; Food Safety ; Foodborne Diseases ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Jurisprudence ; Meals ; Safety Management ; Seasons

PURPOSE: Brainstem auditory evoked response(BAER) is used as screening test for hearing disorders, damages of the central nervous system and congenital anomalies. We studied the difference values according to gender and stimulation sites in normal full-term infants. METHODS: We performed BAER in 38 male and 28 female normal full-term infants, delivered in the Gil Medical Center, Gachen Medical School, from March to July 1996, aged one to seven days. Amplitude I, V, V/I and latency I, III, V and interpeak latency(IPL) I-III, III-V, I-V were measured at 90, 60, 45, 30 dB. Data were analyzed between both sex and between both ears with Student t-test. RESULTS: There were no significant difference in male and female group with the same side's stimulation. At 90 dB, amplitude I of left ear stimulation was significantly higher than right in male and female. Amplitude V/I of right ear stimulation was significantly higher than left ear stimulation in total only. At 90 dB, latency I of right was significantly longer than left in male and female. Latency III of right was longer significantly in total only. IPL I-III, I-V was significantly longer in left than right in male and total. At 60 dB intensity, all data except latency I in total, showed no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: Interpreting BAER, stimulation site and intensity should be considered. and further studies will be needed for the evaluation of the difference between left and right ear.
Brain Stem* ; Central Nervous System ; Ear* ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory* ; Female* ; Hearing Disorders ; Humans ; Infant* ; Male* ; Mass Screening ; Schools, Medical

A study was carried out to figure the cases and to observe the endemic status of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis in endemic areas in Korea. Total 13,373 inhabitants living in 40 villages along 7 main rivers and 9 small streams were subjected to stool examination. They were selected randomly among the riverside population. Their specimens were examined both by cellphane thick smear method and Stoll's egg countung technique. This study was performed during the period from May 1979 to April 1980. The results obtained are as follows: The egg positive rate of any kind of helminths was 58.7% out of 13,373 examned cases, and the egg positive rates by each helminth were; Clonorchis sinensis 21.5%, Metagonimus yokogaqai 4.8%, large type Metagonimus eggs 0.4%, Ascaris lumbricoides 22.9%, Trichuris trichiura 35.2%, hookworm 0.2%, Taenia sp. 0.5%, Hymenolepis nana 0.07%, Paragonimus westermani 2 cases, Fasciola sp. 4 cases, Echinostoma sp. 1 case and Hymenolepis diminuta 1 case respectively. Many endemic foci of clonorchiasis were revealed along the 7 major rivers. The egg positive rates of each river basin differed from each other significantly; Nagdonggang 40.2%, Yeongsangang 30.8%, Seomjingang 17.3%, Hangang 15.7%, Tamjingang 15.9%, Geumgang 12.0% and Mangyeonggang 8.0%. The cases of clonorchiasis were estimated in range 830,000 to 890,000 in riverside areas of the 7 rivers. By grading the infection intensity, 64.7% was in Grade I(EPG 0-900), 28.6% in Grade II (EPG 1000-9,900), 5.5% in Grade III (EPG 10,000-29,900) and 1.3% in Grade IV (EPG over 30,000). The proportion of the cases in Grade III and IV was 6.8% among positive cases. Therefore 60,000 cases at least were regarded to suffer from it clinically. Males of 30-60 years of age showed higher positive rate and heavier burden of infection. This makes clonorchiasis more important socially because the patients lose their social productivity. A few endemic foci of metagonimiasis were detected newly by egg detection; Samcheong 28.5% egg positive rate, Uljin 21.3%, Yeuongdeog 46.3%, Milyang 6.7%, Yeongil 9.2% and Geoje 18.2%. The mean EPG values were in range of 320-7, 120 by the focus. The egg positive rate and proportion of EPG Grade varied greatly by the area, and mean proportion of the positive cases were 69.7% in Grade I, 24.1% in Grade II, 5.0% in Grade III and 1.2% in Grade IV. Males of 30-60 years were infected in higher rate also. The large sized eggs of Metagonimus were found also in upper basin of Hangang and Geumgang mainly. They were regarded as eggs of M. takahashii which is mediated by the cyprinid fishes. Its significance should be studied further. Clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis should be realized as important public health problems in Korea by their wide distribution, high prevalence rate and heavy infection intensity. Comprehensive measures against them are needed urgently.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; clonorchiasis ; metagonimiasis ; Clonorchisis sinensis ; Metagonimus yokogawai ; epidemiology

PURPOSE: Acute immume thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is relatively common hematologic disease in children. Most acute ITP is recovered within 6 month spontaneously and the complication is rare. But 10~20% of the ITP patient became a chronic form. Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EB virus) in developing country usually occurs during infancy and early childhood. Acute ITP associated with EB virus is likely to develop chronic ITP in current literatures. We studied the pattern of laboratory findings in long term follow up of ITP with EB virus infection. METHODS: One hundred and seventy nine patients diagnosed with ITP admitted to the division of pediatric hematology, Gachon Medical Center and Hanyang University Hospital between Mar. 1991 and Jun. 2001 were reviewed retrospectively. Serologic test for EB virus was available for 57 patients and 25 of them were follow up at least 6 months. Evidence of acute EB virus infection was defined as a positive Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA) IgM or positive Anti VCA IgG and negative Ebstein-Barr virus Nuclear Antigen (EBNA). Complete remission (CR) was defined as a recovery of platelet count of more than 100 109/L and partial remission (PR) as a recovery of platelet count of 50~100 109/L, maintained for at least 6 months. RESULTS: Sixteen out of 57 patients were associated acute EB virus infection. Of this group, 8 patients were follow up at least 6 months. Forty one of 57 with no evidence of acute EB virus infection, 17 were follow up at least 6 months. The clinical and laboratory data was not different significantly in children with and without acute EB virus infection in admission. In EB virus infection group of 6 months follow up, platelet count was significantly lower than control group in 6 months follow up (P=0.006). Five patients of 8 (63%) with acute EB virus infection had chronic ITP and 2 of 17 (12%) with no evidence of EB virus infection had chronic ITP in follow up 6 months. CONCLUSION: Patients with EB virus associated ITP tended to resolved more slowly than those without EB virus infection and also showed tendency to become chronic ITP.
Capsid ; Child ; Developing Countries ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hematologic Diseases ; Hematology ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Platelet Count ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic* ; Remission, Spontaneous ; Retrospective Studies ; Serologic Tests