BACKGROUND: McKeown first described two autopsy cases of esophageal small cell carcinoma (SMC) in 1952; about 230 cases have since been reported in the literature. Small cell carcinoma has been reported to account for 0.4% to 7.6% of all esophageal malignancies. SMC of the esophagus as regarded as having a poor prognosis with frequent systemic dissemination. Choice of treatment remains controversial. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From August 1987 to December 1998, a review of the records and histologic sections of 8 patients with primary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus seen in 11 years was undertaken. RESULT: Small cell carcinoma of the esophagus constituted 1.5% of all esophageal cancers. The median age was 61.5 years (range from 42 to 71 years). Seven patients were male, tumor was mainly located in the middle and lower thirds (6 cases) of the esophagus. Pure SMC is 5 cases, and mixed SMC is 3 cases. Operative procedure were as follow: transthoracic esophagectomy with thoracic or cervical reconstructon in 7 patients, transhiated esophagectomy with cervical reconstruction in one. The operative death was none. Adjuvant chemotherapy was performed in 7 patients except one who had poor general condition. Recurrence was observed in 4 patients (mediastinal LN, abdominal LN, SCN, bone). The overall median survival was 15.9 months. Only one patient survived for more than 5 years. CONCLUSION: We considered that esophageal SMC should be regarded as a systemic disease, and multimodality treatment including chemotherapy should be used. Surgery may be offered in selected patients to manage local disease as part of a chemotherapy based treatment program.
Autopsy ; Carcinoma, Small Cell* ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Drug Therapy ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; Esophagectomy ; Esophagus* ; Humans ; Male ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Surgical Procedures, Operative

The case of 17-year-old boy is presented, in whom back pain progressed to paraplegia. A spinal epidural hematoma was removed at surgery with complete recovery. No traumatic or febrile episode was obtainable. The importance of early diagnosis and early spinal decompression is stressed.
Adolescent ; Back Pain ; Decompression ; Early Diagnosis ; Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal* ; Humans ; Male ; Paraplegia

Gastrobronchial fistula is an extremely rare condition. It is usually associated with trauma, esophagogastric surgery, subphrenic abscess, gastric ulcer, and neoplasm. A case of recurrent gastrobronchial fistula secondary to a benign gastric ulcer 2 and 3 years after Ivor Lewis procedure for treatment of esophageal carcinoma is described. The literature of this subject is reviewed and discussed.
Bronchial Fistula ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; Esophagectomy* ; Fistula* ; Postoperative Complications ; Stomach Ulcer ; Subphrenic Abscess

In order to find out the effect of blood glucose on the ischemic brain injury, the authors studied the relationship between the blood glucose level and the infarct volume in a focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model in a series of 60 adult rats. The experimental animals were divided into 4 groups of 15 rats: rats in group I were allowed free access to food until ischemic insults: rats in group II were fasted for 24 hours prior to ischemic insult: rats in group III were fed but received intraperitoneal injection of 1.7unit/kg of insulin 50 minutes before the onset of ischemia: and rats in group IV were fed and received intraperitoneal injection of 2g/kg of 50% glucose during ischemia. The ischemia was made through unilateral occlusion of the middle cerebral artery(MCA) by inserting a 16mm length of 4-0 nylon surgical thread through the internal carotid artery as well as occlusion of both common carotid arteries(CCA) using nontraumatic aneurysm clips. Reperfusion was induced by pulling the thread that occluded the MCA as well as removing the aneurysm clips from both of the CCAs. Each group was further divided into a(2 hour), b(4 hour), and c(6 hour) subgroups of 5 rats according to the duration of ischemia. All animal were killed 3 hours after reperfusion, and infarct volume determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride was calculated by a computer image software. The results showed that rats of glucose loaded during ischemia(group IV) developed the highest blood glucose levels during ischemia and post-ischemia and the largest infarct volume among groups. The rats which were fed until ischemic insult(group I) developed higher blood glucose levels and larger infarct volume than those developed in group II and III. The rats of group III developed higher blood glucose levels and larger infarct volume than group II. According to our data, lowering the blood glucose level by fasting or intraperitoneal injection of insulin reduced the infarct volme in model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. These results suggest that maintenance of low level of blood glucose during early phase of cerebral infarction may reduce volume of infarction and neurological sequelae.
Adult ; Aneurysm ; Animals ; Blood Glucose* ; Brain Injuries ; Brain Ischemia ; Carotid Artery, Internal ; Cerebral Infarction ; Fasting ; Glucose ; Humans ; Infarction ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Insulin ; Ischemia ; Ischemic Attack, Transient* ; Nylons ; Rats* ; Reperfusion

Cell cultures of adults bovine retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) were propagated from central and peripheral regions of the same eyes to study the topographical differences in cell growth and to compare the differences in growth rate between two areas. The results obtained were as follows: A regional variation in the morpholgy was observed between the RPE from central and that from peripheral regions. Retinal pigment epithelium from central region attached to culture dish more slowly(average 4 days) than those from peripheral region(average 3.5 days) The growth rate of retinal pigment epithelium declined with serial passage in culture. The growth rate of retinal pigment epithelium from peripheral region at the first generation was highest. And there was a statistical difference in growth rate with passing in generation(P<0.05). This study reveals that growth rate and cell activity of RPE from central region are lower than from peripheral region.
Adult ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Humans ; Macular Degeneration ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Serial Passage

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to investigate the clinical and computerized tomographic(CT) features between the false negative aneurysms, in which the cerebral aneurysms missed by the initial angiography and false positive aneurysms, in which aneurysms were not existed at surgery in spite of the aneurysm suggested by the cerebral angiography, and to verify the causes of false negative and positive aneurysms. METHODS: The differences of the clinical and CT characteristics between false negative and positive aneurysmal patients, and the sites of aneurysm in false negative aneurysmal patients and suspicious sites of aneurysms in false positive aneurysmal patients, and the main causes of cerebral aneurysms missed by initial angiography and false aneurysmal findings in cerebral angiography were investigated. RESULTS: There were 36 false negative aneurysmal patients and 14 false positive aneurysmal patients in our series. The clinical grades and amount of subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH) in false negative aneurysmal patients were more severe than those of false positive non-aneurysmal patients. The most frequent false negative and positive aneurysmal sites were anterior communicating(Acom) arteries. All missing aneurysmal site due to incomplete study was posterior inferior cerebellar artery. The main causes for missing aneurysm in angiography were aneurysmal thrombosis with or without small size of aneurysmal neck, overlapping vessels and small size of aneurysm itself. The main causes of false aneurysmal findings in cerebral angiography were junctional dilatation of posterior communicating artery(Pcom), dilatation of perforators origin and focal atherosclerotic dilatation of cerebral main vessels. All cases who had SAH in the perimesencephalic cistern were false positive non-aneurysmal patients. In some cases of A2 aneurysm showed more severe SAH in the basal cistern than that in the anterior interhemispheric fissure. CONCLUSION: The repeat-angiography should be performed for all cases of unexplained SAH, especially for poor clinical grade patients with thick SAH and cases with incomplete visualization of all vascular trees. Surgery should be decided more carefully for patients with perimesencephalic basal cistern SAH who show Pcom artery aneurysm by cerebral angiography. We also stress that some of A2 aneurysms may show inconsistent sites of SAH from the origin of aneurysm.
Aneurysm* ; Aneurysm, False ; Angiography ; Arteries ; Cerebral Angiography ; Dilatation ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Neck ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ; Thrombosis

Aneurogenic pulmonary edema(NPE) following an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH) is a rare but devastating complication. The authors analyzed the clinical characteristics, therapeutic problems and management results from our cases in order to throughly evaluate for future therapeutic guide for such patients. There were seven patients diagnosed as NPE out of 546 patients who were admitted within one day following a SAH(1.3%) during the past 13 years. They were relatively young(average 51.3 years), had poor clinical grades on admission and had large amount of SAH. Hypotension and hypoxia on admission were also characteristics. Good results were obtained in 4 of the 7 patients by rapid correction of hypoxia and hypotension with intubation, mechanical ventilation and with positive end-expiratory pressure, diuretics and hypertensive drugs. We conclude that NPE following SAH may be triggered by an acute rise in intracranial pressure followed by a simultaneous decrease of the function of the heart and lungs. Although the patients had shown fulminant clinical state on admission, we recommend aggressive management of these patients because some of these patients can recover without neurological deficits by an aggressive treatment.
Aneurysm* ; Anoxia ; Diuretics ; Heart ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Intracranial Pressure ; Intubation ; Lung ; Positive-Pressure Respiration ; Pulmonary Edema* ; Respiration, Artificial ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage*

A 61-year-old woman with a left cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula presented with left 6th nerve palsy. Initial brain MRI showed findings consistent with left-sided pontine infarction. Follow-up MRIs revealed an enlarged pontine lesion, and additional lesions in the right hippocampus, both basal ganglia and centrum semiovale mimicking a brain tumor or a demyelinating disease. We suggest that the MRI lesions are venous congestions caused by the shunting of blood flow from the left carotid artery into the venous system. (J Korean Neurol Assoc 19(5):520~525, 2001)
Abducens Nerve Diseases ; Basal Ganglia ; Brain ; Brain Neoplasms ; Carotid Arteries ; Cavernous Sinus* ; Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations* ; Cerebrum* ; Demyelinating Diseases ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Hyperemia* ; Infarction ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Pons*

PURPOSE: To evaluate RBM surface implant which has its good character like that good initial stability, early bone formation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study fixures have divided in 2 group: Machined(Group I), RBM(Group II). Total 10 fixtures were implanted on rabbit which sacrificed on week 2 and week 4 for the histological specimens. By these specimens polarized microscopic view, micro CT view, ISQ value were measured, compared and analysed by each group to figure out the evidence that clinical use of RBM implant. RESULT: ISQ value had no significance differences between 2 groups, However in each group 4, 8 weeks had higher ISQ value than 2 weeks. In polarized microscope, calcification level was following : Group II, Group I. In micro CT, formation of cancellous bone level was following : Group II, Group I. CONCLUSION: RBM implant was the most excellent on the early bone formation and good initial stability.
Osteogenesis

In order to find out the accuracy of the quantification of the infarction area by using triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC) staining and to evaluate the change of the infarction size according to the duration after the ischemic insult, in a series of 33 adult rats, a surgical occlusion of the middle cerebral artery(MCA) was carried out through a small subtemporal craniotomy. 11 animals at 6 hour, 12 animals at 24 hour and 10 animals at 48 hour following the surgical occlusion of the MCA, rats were sacrificed and brain slices were obtained and stained with TTC, and hematoxyline and eosin(H & E). The size of the infraction area stained by each method was quantified by a computer image analysis system. The average percent of the infarction size(+/-standard error) was larger in the 24 and 48 hour groups than that of the 6 hour group(determined by TTC:9.94+/-0.97 vs. 9.98+/-1.08 vs. 6.83+/-0.82%, respectively:6 hour vs. 24 & 48 hour groups;one-way ANOVA test p<0.05 determined by H & E:10.02+/-0.94 vs. 10.02+/-1.06 vs. 7.73+/-0.85%, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in the size of the infarction between the 24 and 48 hour groups. The size of the infarction area determined by either method was not significantly different in any group(TTC vs. H & E:paired t-test p>0.05), and linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation existed between the two methods in all groups. However, the degree of correlation was more prominent in the 24 and the 48 hour groups than 6 hour group(6 hour group:r=0.76, slope=0.78, y intercept=0.55;24 hour group:r=0.97, slope=1.03, y intercept=-0.78;48 hour group:r=0.98, slope=0.94, y intercept=0.42). From this study it is concluded that: 1) the evolution of the infarction size continues up to 24 hours following the arterial occlusion, and thereafter, the change of the infarction size is minimal in the rat. This data suggests that it is sufficient to evaluate the change of the infarction size up to 24 hours following the ischemic insult in the experimental study of ischemia in the rat. 2) the detection and the quantification of the cerebral infarction by using TTC staining is a reliable method after 24 hours following the ischemic insult. However, in the earlier period than 24 hours following the ischemic insult, staining with TTC coupled with histopathological H & E staining will add to the accuracy in the obtainin the quantity of the cerebral infarction in the rat.
Adult ; Animals ; Brain ; Cerebral Infarction* ; Craniotomy ; Hematoxylin ; Humans ; Infarction ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery* ; Ischemia ; Linear Models ; Middle Cerebral Artery* ; Rats