Objective To investigate the effect of streptozotocin (STZ) on learning,memory and expression of p-MKK4,p-JNK and p-Jun in APP transgenic mice.Methods Three-month-old APP/PS1 mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ.Learning and memory function was performed by Morris water maze.The changes of neuronal morphology in hippocampum were observed by Nissl staining.The expression of MKK4,JNK and c-Jun were detected in hippocampal tissues by Western blotting.Results In the hidden platform experiment of Morris maze,the escape latencies and the pathway length of STZ-induced diabetic mice were longer than those in controls from the 2nd to 5th day(P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).The Nissl staining showed that some neurons in hippocampum of STZ-treated mice were displayed changes of injury.Compared with the vehicle control,the expression levels of pJNK and p-c-Jun were increased by 217.78 ± 23.49 and 189.27 ± 17.80,respectively (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion STZ can decrease the learning and memory function and injury the neurons,which maybe relate to the JNK signal pathway.

As one of the serious complications of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy( DR) has become a main eye disease which causes blindness. The occurrence and development of DR is related to many factors. The pathogenesis is complicated, and the mechanism has not been clear. Early data suggest that the occurrence and development of DR has relations with many factors such as blood sugar level, diabetes duration and the environment. Among the factors, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress is the important mechanisms of DR and has become research focus in recent years. Consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction within cells include elevation of the rate of reactive oxygen species( ROS) production due to damage of electron transport chain proteins, mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) damage, and loss of metabolic capacity. Clear understanding on the mechanism of mitochondrial functional change under high sugar level and oxidative stress response in the occurrence and development of DR is of great significance on prevention and cure of DR. ln this article, the development of mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative stress of DR is reviewed.

Objective To study the feature extraction methods for the event related potential (ERP) evoked by mental arithmetical tasks through the sample entropy, in order to enhance the features of electroencephalograph (EEG) signals for brain computer interface (BCI).Methods Three types of mental arithmetic tasks including a simple counting, a random number and a stroke of Chinese character counting were proposed and 16 channel EEG signals were recorded from eight healthy subjects.The sample entropy method was then applied in characteristic signal complexity analysis.The characteristic and difference of signal complexity of ERP evoked by three types of mental arithmetical tasks were explored.Results The entropy value for EEG signal evoked by non-target stimulus was higher than that by the target stimulus with the significant difference (P＜0.01).The entropy of the mental arithmetic based on the Chinese characters counting task was significandy higher than that of the other two tasks (P＜0.05).EEG signals evoked by target/non-target were fundamentally signals under the state of attention or non-attention.Conclusions For the Chinese characters counting task, more complex information have been processed by the brain and the non-linear connection between nerve cells are much more complicated and a higher entropy value is achieved.In summary, the mental arithmetic task can effectively activate the relevant brain regions and the sample entropy can distinguish signals evoked by target or non-target stimuli.

Objective To explore systematic intervention methods on life quality of heroin addicts during convalescence stage of drug detoxification period in order to supply evidence for effective nursing intervention. Methods 156 patients accorded with standard were selected by subjective sampling method and were grouped randomly. 78 patients in the control group were given routine nursing,78 patients in the intervention group received systematic intervention including psychological and behavioral intervention and the therapy of physical symptoms. QOLDA was used to evaluate the life quality of all patients. Results The scores of the intervention group were significantly higher than those of the control group, and the intervention group had a higher body mass index (BMI). Conclusions Systematic nursing intervention can perfect the physiological function, mental function and social function, reduce the withdrawal syndrome and adverse effect of heroin addicts, and improve their quality of life.

Humans ; Occupational Health ; Refuse Disposal

Objective To observe the effects of insulin at different concentrations on tau protein phosphorylation in vitro using an SH-SY5Y cell line overexpressing APPsw gene (APPsw cell).Methods Western blot was used to detect the expression of tau phosphorylation.The coexpression of between p-GSK-3β and p-tau in APPsw cells was detected by double immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy.Results Western blot results showed that 1 000 nM insulin treatment decreased the phosphorylation of tau protein at Thr231 and Ser 396 by(68.91 ± 13.55) and (45.53±22.16),respectively,compared with the normal control (P＜ 0.05) in APPsw cells.The confocal microscopic analysis showed that p-tau and p-GSK-3β colocalized predominantly in cell cytoplasm,and there is some interaction between intracellular expression of p-GSK-3β and p-tau.Conclusion Insulin can suppress the tau protein hyperphosphorylation by potentially inhibiting the activity of GSK-3β.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for simultaneous determination of calycosin-7-glucoside,specnuezhenide,ber-berine hydrochloride,palmatine hydrochloride and rosmarinic acid in Xialiqi capsule. METHODS:UPLC was performed on the col-umn of Shield RP18 with mobile phase of nitrile-0.2%formic acid(gradient elution)at a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min,the column tem-perature was 35 ℃,the detection wavelength was 240 nm,and the injection volume was 1 μl. RESULTS:The linear range was 0.619-39.6 μg/ml for calycosin-7-glucoside(r=0.999 9),1.181-115.6 μg/ml for specnuezhenide(r=0.999 9),0.89-57.2 μg/ml for berberine hydrochloride(r=0.999 9),1.16-74 μg/ml for palmatine hydrochloride(r=0.999 9)and 2.47-157.8 μg/ml for rosmarinic acid(r=0.999 9);RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 3%,recoveries were 97.98%-102.44%(RSD=1.49%,n=9),97.37%-100.96%(RSD=1.13%,n=9),98.53%-102.30%(RSD=1.40%,n=9),97.06%-102.21%(RSD=1.46%,n=9)and 100.10%-102.25%(RSD=0.68%,n=9),respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,rapid and reproducible,and can be used for the quality control of Xialiqi capsule.

Objective To evaluate the safety of compound Qinghuang powder for myelodysplastic syndromes(MDS). Methods A total of108 patients with MDSwere collected, 60 patients were treated with Qinghuang powder(Qinghuang powder group)and 48 with compound Qinghuang powder(compound Qinghuang group). The treatment time of 3 months was as one course, and all the patients were treated for more than one course. The patients who developed adverse reactions in the Qinghuang powder group changed to receive compound Qinghuang powder. The adverse reactions were recorded during the treatment. Results The overall incidence of adverse reactions in the compound Qinghuang powder group was significantly lower than that in the Qinghuang powder group(18.75% vs. 41.7%; χ2=6.492, P<0.05). None in the compound Qinghuang powder group and 3 patients in the compound Qinghuang powder group developed moderate to severe adverse reactions. The incidences of various adverse reactions in the compound Qinghuang powder group were lower than those in the Qinghuang powder group, especially, lower limb swelling (4.17%vs. 25%;χ2=9.205, P<0.05) epigastric discomfort(18.75% vs. 41.67%; χ2=6.492, P<0.05). Twenty patients who developed adverse reactions in the Qinghuang powder group changed to receive compound Qinghuang powder. Among them, 5 patients (25%) maintained adverse reactions. The various adverse reactions after changing to compound Qinghuang powder were decreased, especially, facial swelling (10% vs. 30%; χ2=2.50, P<0.05), leg swelling (5%vs. 45%;χ2=8.533, P<0.05), and abdominal pain and diarrhea(10%vs. 30%;χ2=2.50, P<0.05). No patient developed liver or kidney dysfunction after the treatment with Qinghuang powder or Compound Qinghuang powder. Conclusion Compound Qinghuang powder is safer than Qinghuang powder in the treatment of MDS.

BACKGROUND: Typically antiepileptic drugs, such as phenobarbital, fenitoina sodica and diazepam, can inhibit amygdala kindling effect in rats. However, whether midazolam has the same effect is still unclear.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inhibitory effect of midazolam on amygdala kindling onset in rats and maximal electroshock seizure (MES) in mice and effeots of antiepileptic drugs.DESIGN: This study was divided into three subexperiments, including the effects of midazolam on amygdala kindling onset, independent activities and incidence convulsion. All the three subexperiments were completely randomized,infra-group control or self-control studies.SETTING: Medical College of Qingdao University.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the Comprehensive Experimental Room, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University from August 2004 to March 2005. Nine Wistar rats weighing (250±10) g and 120 Kunming mice weighing (20±5) g and either gender were provided by Animal Center of Qingdao Institute of Drug Control.Midazolam (5 g/L) was provided by Xuzhou Enhua Drugs Co., Ltd. (batch number: 20030706).METHODS: ① Establishment of amygdala kindling models: Nine kindled rats were randomly selected and intraperitoneally injected with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg midazolam, respectively. Quadri-pathway biological signal processing system (SMUP-PC) was used to measure discharge duration (ADD) and Racine's stage. ② Sixty mice were randomly divided into 5 groups, including saline group, 40 mg/kg phenobarbital group, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg midazolam groups with 12 mice in each group. And then, numbers of activities in a unit time (times per 5 minutes) were determined by XZC-4A mini-animals independent activity instrument. ③ MES models were established to calculate incidence of convulsion.MATN OUTCOME MEASURES: Effects of midazolam on ADD, Racine's stage, numbers of independent activities and incidence of convulsion.RESULTS: All the 9 rats and the 120 mice were involved in the final analysis. ① Effect of midazolam on amygdala kindling onset: After intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg midazolam, ADD and Racine's stage were obviously lower than those before administration (P ＜ 0.05-0.01). After intraperitoneal injection of 0.25 mg/kg midazolam, ADD was obviously lower than that before administration (P ＜ 0.05), but there was no significant difference in Racine's stage. ②Effect of midazolam on independent activities of mice: Numbers of independent activities were lower in the phenobarbital group and 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg midazolam groups than those in the saline group (P ＜ 0.01), while numbers of independent activities were higher in 0.5 mg/kg midazolam group than those in the phenobarbital group (P ＜ 0.05). ③Effect of midazolam on maximal electroshock seizure: Incidence of convulsion was lower in the phenobarbital group and 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg midazolam groups than that in the saline group (P ＜ 0.05-0.01), while Incidence of convulsion was higher in 0.5 mg/kg midazolam group than that in the phenobarbital group (P＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION: Midazolam can significantly inhibit amygdala kindling onset, reduce numbers of independent activities,and antagonist MES in mice.

Objective To observe the changes in contrast sensitivity(CS) and color vision in patients with primary acute angle-closure glaucoma(PACG).Methods CS and color vision tests were performed in 35 patients(35 eyes) with preclinical stage of PACG,32 patients(32 eyes) with acute attack stage of PACG and 15 normal subjects(30 eyes).Then patients were followed up 1 month(31 eyes) and 3 months(28 eyes) after operation.Results The results of CS and color vision tests were abnormal in PACG patients when they were compared with those of normal people.The threshold of CS at 18.0 c/d was increased(P