Cotinine is the best biomarker for the assessment of the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke(ETS).With the"Framework Convention on Tobacco Control"implemented in China,the hazards from ETS are increasingly concerned,the determination of cotinine in human body which reflects the internal exposure to ETS received universal recognition day by day.It is imperative to create a standardized,simple and fast method to detect cotinine in human body.The recent determination techniques of cotinine,the application in different human samples and the direction of development were introduced in the present paper.

AIM: To determine the mycoplasma infection and the drug resistance in outpatients with NGU. METHODS: Mycoplasma culture, identification and drug sensitivity assay were carried out with samples of 472 NGU patients by using one complex mycoplasma kit. RESULTS: 153 in 472 cases showed mycoplasma positive. The total positive rate was 32.4%. The positive cases of Uu, Mh and mixed both infection were 112( 23.7%), 11( 2.3%), and 30( 6.4%), respectively. The female positive rate was found significantly higher than that of male (? 2= 4.157,P

Objective: To prepare mesalazine thermosensitive liquid suppositories and study the in vitro properties. Methods:Poloxamer 407 (P407) and poloxamer 188 (P188) were used as the temperature-sensitive materials, and mesalazine thermosensitive liquid suppositories were prepared by a cold method. The optimal ratio of P407 and P188 was screened using gel temperature as the in-dex. The gel strength and bioadhesive force of mesalazine thermosensitive liquid suppositories were studied, and the in vitro gel erosion and drug release were investigated as well. Results:The optimal ratio of P407 and P188 was 20%: 2. 5%, and the gel temperature was (36.9 ±0.2)℃, the gel strength was (115.1 ±3.2)s and the bioadhesive force was (130.7 ±5.8) ×102 dyne·cm-2. The drug release and gel erosion in vitro were both fitted first-order kinetics, and the two had promising linear relationship, suggesting good sustained-release property based on gel erosion mechanism of mesalazine liquid suppositories. Conclusion:The preparation of mesala-zine liquid suppositories is simple, and the gelation, bioadhesion and sustained-release of the suppositories are promising. Mesalazine liquid suppositories are valuable to be studied further.

Objective To evaluate the effect of recominant human growth hormone(rhGH) in the prevention and treatment of endotoxemia(ETM) in murine experimental obstructive jaundice (OJ) Methods Twenty OJ rats received subcutaneously given rhGH of 0 75*!IU/kg daily for 2 weeks (rhGH group). Blood endotoxin(ET) was measured, and intestinal mucosa was observed under electron microscope at 5th week.Results In rhGH group, ET level 〔(0 40?0 02)*!EU/ml〕 was significantly lower than OJ rats〔(0 77?0 03)*!EU/ml, n =20〕 ( t = 6 237, P 0 05). Under electron microscope bowel villi in OJ group were distroyed, epithelial cells were degenerated and necrotic, whereas in rhGH group the ultrastructural pathology was much less evident and similar to that in sham operation rats. Conclusion rhGH has significant effect on protecting the injured mucosa barrier in OJ,and decreases ETM significantly.

Molecular imaging is a newly rising branches of science which comes from molecular biology technology and modern medical imaging,and it would be the development tendency of mendiacl imaging. This article briefly introduces the basal principle of molecular imaging,the difference and correlation between molecular imaging and traditional medical imaging and the development prospect of medical imaging.

Objective To analyze therapeutic effects of different methods of treating tibial plateau fractures. Methods The curative effects of the 35 operative cases and 32 non operative cases were evaluated according to the score scale of knee injures. The data were analyzed statistically. Results The excellent and good rate of functional restoration was 91.4% in the operative group and 62.5% in the non operative group (P

OBJECTIVEThis work lays the foundation for establishing a digital model database with normal occlusion. A digital dental cast is acquired through grating projection, and model features are measured through reverse engineering.

METHODSThe grating projection system controlled by a computer was projected onto the surface of a normal dental model. Three-dimensional contour data were obtained through multi-angle shooting. A three-dimensional model was constructed, and the model features were analyzed by using reverse engineering. The digital model was compared with the plaster model to determine the accuracy of the measurement system.

RESULTSThe structure of three-dimensional reconstruction model was clear. The digital models of two measurements exhibited no significant difference (P > 0.05). When digital and plaster models were measured, we found that the crown length and arch width were not statistically different (P > 0.05), whereas the difference between the crown width and arch length was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe reconstruction of a digital model by using the grating projection technique and reverse engineering can be used for dental model measurement in clinic al and scientific research and can provide a scientific method for establishing a digital model database with normal occlusion.

Objective To investigate the localization and surgical outcome of epileptogenic nidus of post-traumatic epilepsy. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on clinical data of 62 patients with post-traumatic epilepsy treated microsurgicallly from November 2005 to May 2009. There were 48 males and 14 females, at age range from 11 to 48 years old (average 28.8 years old). The epileptogenic nidus in 59 patients was localized based on clinical manifestations, visual electroencephalography (V-EEC) imaging and electrophysiological findings and that in three patients localized by implanted intracranial electrodes. Under electrocorticogram (ECoG) monitoring, we resected cerebral malacia in 36 patients, removed both malacia and epileptogenic nidus in 15, and partially resected cerebral malacia combined with cortex thermocoagulation in 11. Results The follow-up for 6-33 months showed that there were 32 patients at grade Ⅰ , 17 at grade Ⅱ , nine at grade Ⅲ and four at grade Ⅳ according to Engel classification system. Conclusion V-EEG is an important method for pre-operative localization of epileptogenic nidus of post-traumatic epilepsy. Microsurgical management can attain favorable outcome under ECoG monitoring.

Objective To analyze the significance of global end-diastolic volume index (GEDVI) in acute kidney injury (AKI) after septic shock.Methods A retrospective analysis of 61 patients was performed.The patients were diagnosed of septic shock in emergency ward of Shenyang Military Hospital from 2012 March to 2013 May and were monitored by pulse indicator continuous cardiac output (PiCCO).The patients were divided into two groups:low GEDVI group (GEDVI ＜ 700 ml/m2,29 cases) and high GEDVI group (GEDVI≥700 ml/m2,32 cases) by evaluating GEDVI of 24 hour after PiCCO.Several physiologic and biochemical indexes were recorded,including the hemodynamic parameters at the beginning and the 24 h of PiCCO monitoring,Scr,BUN,lactic acid,incidence and mortality of AKI,baseline glomerular filtration rate,baseline Scr,APACHE Ⅱ scores,mortality during the period of emergency ward or within 28 d after the diagnosis.Results A total of 26 cases in high GEDVI group (81.3％) were attacked with AKI,while 16 cases in low GEDVI group (55.2％) were attacked with AKI,the incidence of AKI in high GEDVI group was significantly higher than that in the low GEDVI group.A COX regression analysis of mortality was performed between the patients staying at emergency ward and during 28 d after diagnosis.The results indicated that AKI and GEDVI had no relation with patients' death.Therefore,AKI and GEDVI could not be considered as the risk factors for the prognosis.Conclusions High GEDVI can significantly increase the incidence of AKI after septic shock,therefore high GEDVI should be avoided as much as possible in the course of clinical treatment.