Objective To investigate the development of the cervical cord in children by using diffusion tensor imaging.Methods Ninety healthy children were undergone with diffusion tensor imaging of the cervical cord by using single-shot spin-echo echo planar image sequence.The values of apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA), average length(Ltract) and volume of tracts(Vtract) were measured in the cervical regions.Results The measurements of each group were as follow:ADC value:0.9747 ±0.2777,0.8493 ±0.2236,0.8210 ±0.1432,0.9198 ± 0.1444,0.9048 ±0.1676;FA value:0.4117 ±0.0391,0.4712 ±0.0199,0.4944 ±0.0439,0.5608 ±0.0443,0.6169 ± 0.0551;Ltract:25.61 ±8.63,24.66 ±7.14,27.03 ±7.23,34.93 ±10.99,37.63 ±10.22;Vtract:3.07 ±1.49,3.00 ± 1.52,3.81 ±1.33,5.41 ±2.35,6.64 ±2.84.FA value, Ltract and Vtract showed significance in different age groups , while ADC value was found no difference ( P<0.001) .Post-Hoc test revealed that FA value was significantly different between age group I and Ⅱ.FA value, Ltractand Vtract presented significantly different between group ⅢandⅣ.FA value difference was also found between group Ⅳand V.FA value, Ltract and Vtract were all positively corelative with age (F=1.758, P=0.145 ) .Conclusion Development of the cervical cord shows periodicity with periodic features .Diffusion Tensor Imaging can be used as a tool to observe and evaluate development of the cervical cord in children .

Superselective angiography and embolization is one of the important methods in the management of acute hemorrhage, providing mini-invasion and high efficacy, etc. The implication of angiography and embolization on bleeding were reviewed and the embolic agents as well as the interventional procedures were commented in this article.

Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a rare congenital disease,which was firstly reported on 1933.It usually causes multiple organs dysplasia.Clinical manifestations include severe growth retardation,cogni-tive impairment,characteristic facial and upper limb defects.With the rapid development of medical science,es-pecially in genetics and molecular biology,much research on the pathogenesis of Cornelia De Lange syndrome has been performed.Herein,we review the progress in this rare disease in recent years.

Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been widely used in the treatment of malignant hepatic tumors and has achieved satisfactory effects.Complications after RFA have been taken seriously and the risk of the development of complications is closely associated with tumor location.It is a great challenge for physicians to perform RFA for hepatic tumors in high-risk locations due to related difficulties and risks.This article reviews the complications after RFA for hepatic tumors in high-risk locations and analyzes related control strategies.

BACKGROUND: A total of 300 SD rats were used for blood sampling. In abdominal aorta approach, the best puncture point was the abdominal aortic bifurcation 1-3 mm towards the heart, with a success rate of 93.6%. In posterior orbital venous plexus approach, the needle was vertically inserted into the inner canthus and rotated toward the eyeground to open venous plexus (success rate 89.9%). In cardiac puncture approach, below the xiphoid process, the needle punctured into the skin with 25°-30° oblique upward, through the diaphragm until 2.5-3.0 cm deep (success rate 83.4%). In tail end approach, surgical scissors cut off 5-10 mm tail top (success rate 94.4%). In jugular vein approach, the needle was horizontally inserted along the fourth rib into the skin until the jugular vein, about 5 mm deep, at 30°-40° with the chest surface (success rate 80.9%). A large blood volume could be obtained by abdominal aorta approach, which leads to less haemolysis and no hurt to organs, no gas embolism or haemostasis caused by inappropriate operation. But each approach has advantages and drawbacks, the selective principle should be based on experimental require.

Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of Chinese version of Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale.Methods Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale was translated and adapted according to Chinese culture,and content validity was evaluated by panel of experts.Then preliminary test was proceeded and revised the scale.90 effective questionnaires were recollected,and 40 patients were tested once again after two weeks randomly.Correlation analysis and factor analysis was conducted.Results The Cronbach's α of Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale was 0.920 and the Cronbach's α of each subscale was ranged from 0.807 to 0.831.The test-retest reliability was 0.800 to 0.921.The correlations among subscales were ranged from 0.705 to 0.799,the correlations between each subscale and total scale were ranged from 0.875 to 0.921.Component analysis revealed three factors accounting for 56.47％ of the sample variance.Conclusions Chinese version of Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale is of better reliability and validity,it could be used in the evaluation of self-efficacy for arthritis patients.

Case based teaching was applied in order to enhance the teaching efficacy and clinical safety for resident doctors in anesthesia training centers and to arouse their learning incentives and improve their clinical performance.Case based discussions on basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation and multiple traumas were conducted.Process consciousness was enhanced and theoretical knowledge analysis was combined with practical clinical skill training for residents in department of anesthesiology to improve the quality of training.

Objective To investigate the role of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands in the migration of lymphocytes and acute hepatic failure. Methods BALB/cJ mice (6-8 weeks, female) were intraperitoneally injected with 100 PFU mouse hepatitis virus-3(MHV-3). The proportions and numbers of T cells and NK cells in liver, spleen, and blood as well as the expression of CXCR3 in T cells, and NK cells post MHV-3 infection was analyzed by flow cytometry. The hepatic mRNA level of the CXCR3-associated chemokines(CXCL9 and CXCL10) was detected by real-time PCR. A transwell migration assay was used to assess the chemotactic effect of MHV-3-infected hepatocytes and CXCL10 on the splenic lymphocytes. Results Following MHV-3 infection, the number of hepatic NK cells and T cells and the frequencies of hepatic NK cells and T cells expressing CXCR3 increased markedly; however, in the spleen and peripheral blood, they both decreased significantly. Moreover, the hepatic mRNAs levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 were significantly elevated post infection. The transwell migration assay demonstrated that MHV-3-infected hepatocytes have the capacity to attract and recruit the splenic NK cells and T cells, and CXCL10 plays a key role in lymphocyte mobilization from the spleen. Conclusion Interactions between CXCR3 and its ligands (CXCL9 and CXCL10),especially CXCL10 may play a key role in the recruitment of intrahepatic lymphocytes and subsequent necroinflammation and acute hepatic failure in MHV-3 infection.

As targeted drugs to B-cell malignancies, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies have been proved to be important in therapeutic antibody field. With three generations in more than ten years' development, the structures of these drugs have been improved, and many new indications have been found. Nowadays, these kinds of antibodies are not only used in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies, but also been proved to be useful in some autoimmune diseases treatment, and their new indications are still being expanded. With the optimization of their clinical dosage regimens, drug reaction has been increased, thus, therapeutic and side effects of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody have been further improved as well. However, the exact mechanism of action of their combination therapy with other chemical drugs is still unclear, which remains to be further studied. This article reviewed new development of anti-CD20 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies research in recent years.

Objective To investigate whether the expression frequency and function of peripheral and liver NK cells was correlated with the liver injury in patients with hepatitis B virus related acute-on-chronic liver failure(HBV-ACLF).Methods Peripheral blood samples were obtained from fifteen HBV-ACLF patients and fifteen chronic hepatitis B patients.The frequency of peripheral NK cells (CD3-CD56+) and CD107a expression on surface of peripheral NK cells were detected by multicolor flow cytometry.Expression of IFN-γ by peripheral NK cells was detected by intracellular cytokine staining.Needle biopsy liver tissues were obtained from twenty patients with HBV-ACLF,ten patients with mild CHB,and expression of live NK cells (CD3-CD57+) was analyzed by dual immmunohistochemical staining of CD 3 and CD57.Results There was no significant difference in the frequency of peripheral NK cell and IFN-γ expression by peripheral NK cells between HBV-ACLF and mild CHB patients.However,CD107a expression on surface of peripheral NK cells of HBV-ACLF patients was remarkably higher than that of CHB patients.The frequency of liver CD57+NK cell of HBV-ACLF patients was remarkably higher than that of CHB patients(95.1 ±21.3/low power field vs 9.5±10.6/low power field,P＜0.01).Further analysis revealed that the frequency of liver CD57+ NK cells in HBV-ACLF patients was positively correlated with the TBIL level.Conclusion The enhanced cytotoxic activity of peripheral NK cells and the recruitment of liver CD57+ NK cells may aggravate immune-mediated liver injury and promote the apoptosis and necrosis of hepatocytes.