This study examined burdens of primary family carcgivcrs of paticnto with cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) along with related factors. In addition, their needs for support group intervention were assessed to develop a support group to reduce the burdens of caregiving. Eighty-one primary family caregivers of patients with CVAs at a general hospital in Seoul participated in this study . The patients with CVAs aged from 26 to 83 years with mean age of 63 years. About 90% of the patients had some paralysis and 56.6% suffered speech problems. Fifty-eight percent of the primary family caregivers were spouses of the patients and 80.2% were women. Primary family caregivers' burdens were assessed by the Burden Scale originally devel oped by Zarit (1980) and Novak & Geust(1989) and modified by Jang (1995) for use in Korea. The instrument consists of six subscales time-dependent burden, developmental burden, physical burden, emotional burden, social burden, and financiaI burden. The results were as follows : 1. The average of burden score was 91.7, indicating moderate to severe level of burden. The time-dependent burden was scored highest followed by physical, developmental, social, financial, and emotional burdens. 2. of the characteristics of patients, age, gender, and severity of the disease were found to be associated with the level of burden. Of the characteristics of primary family caregivers, age and educational level were significantly related to the level of burden. Time of care since the CVA and the quality of relationship between a patient and a caregiver prior to the stroke were significant situational factors affecting the level of burden. 3. The need for support group intervention for the caregivero was very high (95.1%). The earcgivcrs of patients who had a CVA for the first time showed higher levels of need compared to those of patients who had a CVA more than once. The caregivers indicated a support group held once a month near home or hospital would be welcomed. In addition, they replied that a group composed of 9 to 10 caregivers and guided by health care professionals (e.g., physicians and nurses) would be most desirable. More than 85% of the earegivers identified the areas that they wanted intervention in as follows : knowledge, skills, and resources to care for a patient with a CVA. the counsel of health care professionals, share of their experiences with those who have similar situations, stress management skills, and methods to overcome emotional isolation due to the great responsibility for a patient. Given the results, support group is expected to be an effective way to reduce the burdens of primary family caregivers of patients with CVAs. As a follow up It is necessary to examine the effect of support group intervention on the patient's recovery and rehabilitation.
Caregivers* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Female ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Korea ; Paralysis ; Rehabilitation ; Self-Help Groups* ; Seoul ; Spouses ; Stroke*

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify effects of a life-esteemed education applied logotherapy on life respect, meaning of life, and depression on older elementary school students. METHODS: A nonequivalent control group and non-synchronized design was conducted with a convenience sample of 142 students. The program named 'My Precious Life'. consisted of one session per week for five weeks. Students were assigned to the experimental group (n=70) or the control group (72). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, t-test, and repeated measured ANOVA with the SPSS/PC 18.0 program. RESULTS: Meaning of life and life respect increased significantly and depression decreased significantly for participants in the experimental group. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that life-esteemed education applied logotherapy is effective in improving meaning of life and life respect and in decreasing depression in elementary school students. It can also be used to prevent existential distress and to intervene as a motif for having hope in life.
Analysis of Variance ; Child ; Depression/*therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Program Evaluation ; *Psychotherapy ; Quality of Life ; Questionnaires ; Self Concept ; Students/*psychology

No abstract available.
Mass Screening* ; Papanicolaou Test* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

No abstract available.
Mass Screening* ; Papanicolaou Test* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of work engagement (WE) on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) and ability to control career commitment (CC) in the relationship between work engagement and OCB. METHODS: Data were collected using structured self-report questionnaires from 205 nurses currently working at three national hospitals. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis using the SPSS 21.0 program. RESULTS: Mean scores for each variable were: WE 3.77 (on a 7-point scale), OCB 3.41 (on a 5-point scale), and CC 3.05 (on a 5-point scale). As a result, comparison showed that all research variables were higher with age, OCB was higher with total clinical career, and CC was higher with higher education level. Total clinical career, WE and CC had a significant effect on OCB, and CC had a moderate effect on work engagement and OCB. These variables had a total explanatory power of 38% for OCB. CONCLUSION: The nurses' WE had a positive effect on OCB, and the CC showed a moderating effect on the relationship between WE and OCB. Therefore, we suggest that CC is an important factor in improving nurses' OCB.
Education

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the most appropriate shelf life for sterilized products according to their packaging material. METHODS: Samples were prepared to target six nursing units in one general hospital in Seoul. After steam and E.O gas sterilization, sterilized product, samples were supplied to wards. Data collection was conducted for 3 months, after the expiration date of 3 months had passed for samples packaged with crepe paper and nonwoven wraps. For samples packaged with paper-plastic pouches, data collection conducted for 3 months when the expiration date of 9 months had passed. The sterilized products were collected and tested for microbial contamination. Identification of the storage environment was done as samples were collected. RESULTS: This study confirmed that the storage environment met international standards such as CDC, except for temperature. For steam sterilized crepe paper packaging samples and steam and E.O gas sterilized for nonwoven packaging samples no contamination in all products was found for 3 months past the expiration date. However, in the E.O gas sterilized paper-plastic pouch packaging sterile samples, Gram-positive bacilli were detected in one sample from a surgical intensive care unit at 45 weeks and another sample from an operating room at 47 weeks. Furthermore, the results did not show any microorganisms for up to 52 weeks in all products. CONCLUSION According to the results of this study, sterilized product packaging made with crepe paper and nonwoven wraps is better able an extended shelf life from 3 months to 6 months, reducing unnecessary costs.

In this study, we investigated the anticancer activity of the fin of Thunnus Thynnus (TT ). TT was extracted with methanol (TTM ), and then further fractionated into four subfractions by using solvent partition method, affording hexane (TTMH ), methanol (TTMM ), butanol (TTMB )and aquous (TTMA )soluble fractions. We determined the cyto-toxicity of these four fractions in four kind of cancer cell lines, such as HepG2, MCF-7, B16-F10 and HT29 by MTT assay. The TTMM showed the strongest cytotoxic effect at the concentration of 150 microgram/mL, displaying 95% on the HepG2 cell lines and 82% on MCF-7 cell line. The morphological changes such as membrane shirinking and blebbing of cells were also observed by TTMM treatment in HT29 cell. In addition, we observed that quinone reductase (QR ) activity was elevated by only TTMM and TTMH treatments in HepG2 cell. QR activity was increased to around 2.0 and 1.8 times in TTMM and TTMH treated HepG2 cell at 100 microgram/mL, respectively, compared to that in control. Although further studies are needed, the present work could suggest that the fin of TT has a potential to be usable as a chemo-preventive agent against cancer.
Blister ; Cell Line ; Hep G2 Cells ; HT29 Cells ; Humans ; MCF-7 Cells ; Membranes ; Methanol ; NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)*

PURPOSE: This study aimed at not only suggest some ideas useful in planning and doing the safety education in the elementary schools in the near future putting into test the safety education proposal which has been developed by researchers in accordance with the national 7st education courses but also improve health of the children through taking right safety knowledge and sound safety attitude. METHOD: For this study 140 student are selected from 3-5th grade of the elementary school in Kyoungki-Do and Kwangwon-Do and have been taught the safety education during 10weeks, 10times. RESULT: 1) After the safety education, knowledge about the injury prevention of the children show to be significantly different from that they had before(t=-9.156, p=.000). 2) In order to look into any effect of the attitude about injury prevention after the safety education there were significant difference(t=-3.755, p=.000).CONCLUSION: As the findings of the study indicating that safety education expand the correct knowledge about injury prevention and have more affirmative and sound attitude about injury prevention. So it may be concluded that, safety education have the positive effect both knowledge and attitude about injury prevention among elementary school children.
Child* ; Education* ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Child Health

No abstract available.
Humans ; Inpatients*

We report a case of sarcoidosis which developed in the skin, lung and eyes in a 50-year-old woman. The skin lesions showed two types of cutaneous manifestations which were subcutaneous nodules on her back and erytrematous papules on the face for several months. Our patient's seurm angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) level was elevated at 33.5 IU/L(reference range, 8.3-21.4 IU/L) and the purified protein derivative(PPD) skin test had a negative result. On her roentgenographic examinations, we could find multiple nodular densities with hazziness on both her lungs and radionuclides(Gallium 67) uptakes in right lower lung field. The ratio of helper to suppressor T cells was 9 in bronchial lavage. Diagnosis of sarcoidosis was made on the basis of histologic findings of non-caseating granulomas from skin and lung tissue. Treatment was initiated with oral alternate-day prednisone 40mg. The cutaneous lesions and dyspnea improved in 2 and 4 weeks respectively, and serum ACE level returned to normal in 2 months.
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ; Diagnosis ; Dyspnea ; Female ; Granuloma ; Humans ; Lung ; Middle Aged ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; Prednisone ; Sarcoidosis* ; Skin ; Skin Tests ; T-Lymphocytes