Background: The increasingly widespread use of antiretroviral drugs (ARV) to manage human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has significantly reduced mortality. Accordingly, the number of patients with HIV with a life expectancy >50 years is increasing. With advanced age, the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCD) increases.According to a study in Uganda in 2017, the prevalence of at least one NCD in patients with HIV was 20.7%, with 11–30% of deaths due to NCDs, especially cardiovascular disease. This emphasizes that NCDs in patients with HIV are of clinical concern, as are the factors that increase the risk of these diseases. However, most studies on HIV and NCDs focus on African countries, while research in Asia is limited. Differences in genetics, lifestyle, and co-existing health burdens may influenced NCD prevalence and risk factors. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for NCDs in patients with HIV. Materials and Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted at the outpatient clinic of the Ngoerah Hospital from June 8, 2023, to July 7, 2023. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: In total, 1,644 patients with HIV were included in this study. The prevalence of NCDs was 1.9% for hypertension, 1.1% for diabetes mellitus, 0.7% for dyslipidemia, 1.0% for kidney disorders, 0.1% for stroke, 0.3% for cancer, 0.3% for cardiovascular disease, and 0.2% for autoimmune diseases. After conducting a multivariate test, we found that age >50 years increased the risk of comorbid NCDs by 7.886 times, while male sex increased the risk by 2.568 times, and an ARV regimen of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) + non-NRTI (NNRTI) decreased the risk by 2.625 times. Conclusion Hypertension was the most common NCD in patients with HIV, followed by diabetes mellitus. Male patients and those aged >50 years were at a greater risk of developing NCDs, whereas a history of using the two NRTIs + NNRTI regimen was associated with a lower risk of NCDs.

Background: The increasingly widespread use of antiretroviral drugs (ARV) to manage human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has significantly reduced mortality. Accordingly, the number of patients with HIV with a life expectancy >50 years is increasing. With advanced age, the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCD) increases.According to a study in Uganda in 2017, the prevalence of at least one NCD in patients with HIV was 20.7%, with 11–30% of deaths due to NCDs, especially cardiovascular disease. This emphasizes that NCDs in patients with HIV are of clinical concern, as are the factors that increase the risk of these diseases. However, most studies on HIV and NCDs focus on African countries, while research in Asia is limited. Differences in genetics, lifestyle, and co-existing health burdens may influenced NCD prevalence and risk factors. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for NCDs in patients with HIV. Materials and Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted at the outpatient clinic of the Ngoerah Hospital from June 8, 2023, to July 7, 2023. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: In total, 1,644 patients with HIV were included in this study. The prevalence of NCDs was 1.9% for hypertension, 1.1% for diabetes mellitus, 0.7% for dyslipidemia, 1.0% for kidney disorders, 0.1% for stroke, 0.3% for cancer, 0.3% for cardiovascular disease, and 0.2% for autoimmune diseases. After conducting a multivariate test, we found that age >50 years increased the risk of comorbid NCDs by 7.886 times, while male sex increased the risk by 2.568 times, and an ARV regimen of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) + non-NRTI (NNRTI) decreased the risk by 2.625 times. Conclusion Hypertension was the most common NCD in patients with HIV, followed by diabetes mellitus. Male patients and those aged >50 years were at a greater risk of developing NCDs, whereas a history of using the two NRTIs + NNRTI regimen was associated with a lower risk of NCDs.

Background: The increasingly widespread use of antiretroviral drugs (ARV) to manage human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has significantly reduced mortality. Accordingly, the number of patients with HIV with a life expectancy >50 years is increasing. With advanced age, the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCD) increases.According to a study in Uganda in 2017, the prevalence of at least one NCD in patients with HIV was 20.7%, with 11–30% of deaths due to NCDs, especially cardiovascular disease. This emphasizes that NCDs in patients with HIV are of clinical concern, as are the factors that increase the risk of these diseases. However, most studies on HIV and NCDs focus on African countries, while research in Asia is limited. Differences in genetics, lifestyle, and co-existing health burdens may influenced NCD prevalence and risk factors. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for NCDs in patients with HIV. Materials and Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted at the outpatient clinic of the Ngoerah Hospital from June 8, 2023, to July 7, 2023. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: In total, 1,644 patients with HIV were included in this study. The prevalence of NCDs was 1.9% for hypertension, 1.1% for diabetes mellitus, 0.7% for dyslipidemia, 1.0% for kidney disorders, 0.1% for stroke, 0.3% for cancer, 0.3% for cardiovascular disease, and 0.2% for autoimmune diseases. After conducting a multivariate test, we found that age >50 years increased the risk of comorbid NCDs by 7.886 times, while male sex increased the risk by 2.568 times, and an ARV regimen of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) + non-NRTI (NNRTI) decreased the risk by 2.625 times. Conclusion Hypertension was the most common NCD in patients with HIV, followed by diabetes mellitus. Male patients and those aged >50 years were at a greater risk of developing NCDs, whereas a history of using the two NRTIs + NNRTI regimen was associated with a lower risk of NCDs.

Introduction: HIV virus tend to attack cells with CD4 antigens. Opportunistic infection (OI) is the most common complication of HIV infection and causes major morbidity and mortality in people with HIV infection. Method: This study used cross-sectional design conducted at VCT Polyclinic of Sanglah General Hospital, Denpasar. Sampling method was carried out by total sampling from secondary data on medical records of patients with first visit to polyclinic from January 2018 - December 2019 containing identity, OI, CD4 levels, and viral load of the subjects with total sample 527 people. Spearman correlation test was used to determine the bivariate relationship. Results: In this study, from 527 subjects, OI were obtained in 320 samples (60.7%) with candidiasis as the most prevalent OI (58.8%). The highest prevalence of OI was in the group with CD4 levels < 200 cells/µL and viral load > 50 copies/ml. In bivariate analysis, CD4 levels had a significant negative correlation with OI numbers (r = -0.66), viral load had a significant positive correlation with the number of OIs (r = 0.52), and viral load had a significant negative correlation with CD4 levels (r = -0.46). Discussion and Conclusion The lower the CD4 levels, the higher the number of OI, while the lower the viral load, the less the number of OI. Lower viral load, then CD4 levels higher in people with HIV infection.
HIV

Objective: To identify the relationship between interleukin (IL)-15 levels and sarcopenia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- infected patients who have received antiretroviral therapy. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional design with 70 participants conducted from January to March 2021. All the participants were assessed for sarcopenia and the IL-15 levels. Sarcopenia was established based on the the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 criteria. Plasma IL-15 was determined. This analysis was carried out by means of 2×2 tabulation and the statistical test used is Chi-square. Results: Seventy patients received antiretroviral therapy >6 months and showed a good clinical response. Among them, 36 (51.4%) took zidovudine-based antiretroviral therapy with a median duration of illness of 5 years. The proportion of sarcopenia in patients with HIV infection was 32.9%. The median CD4 cell count was 395.5 cells/L (range: 203-937 cells/L). Logistic regression analysis revealed that age>50 years (aOR 8.3, 95% CI 1.6-44.5), underweight (aOR 7.7, 95% CI 1.5-40.5), IL-15≥150.5 ng/L (aOR 4.9, 95% CI 1.3-19.0) and female (aOR 4.8, 95% CI 1.2-18.3 were significant and independent adverse predictors of sarcopenia in subjects with HIV infection. Conclusions: There is an association between high levels of IL-15 and sarcopenia in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy for more than 6 months with good clinical response.