The research on the smoking habits among 8th-to-12th grade students of schools was conducted using a random sampling method among the 13-18 years old school students.Materials and MethodsThe research was performed using a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative part of the research was performed by conducting surveys among randomly selected secondary school students according to prepared and approved questionnaires. The qualitative study was performed by organizing focus groups based on prepared discussion guidelines. Sampling: the survey participants were students in grades 8-12 from both public and private schools in Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia. A total of 1190 students from the 12 secondary schools of 6 districts were selected through random sampling.Resultsto the question of whether the participants have tried to smoke once or twice, 36,1% (407) responded positively. Among these respondents, 49.6% (272) are male and 23.2 (135) are female. This confirms the statistical data that male students are more exposed to the habit of smoking than female students (x2=57.8, p<0.01). The percentage of the currently smoking students is 11.2% (77) of whom 17.9% are male and 4.8% are female. Of the current smokers, 6.8% smoke every day (x2=48.3, p<0.01). The average age of taking up smoking was 14.0[±1.8] of which males students began using tobacco at 13.9[±1.8] years and females at 14.3[±1.6]. Among the smoking students, 10[±2.1]% were from public schools and 17.3[±2.8]% were from private schools (x2=8.1, p<0.01).

Background: In Mongolia, leading cause of morbidity prevalence is respiratory system disease by 2010. The prevalence is 1027,73 per 10000 people. Comparison to 2000, it has been increased by 1,5-2 times. Another word, it shown that respiratory diseases hadn’t been decreased, but progressively increased in the last 10 year.By WHO estimation in 2008, future trend of mortality rate of the respiratory system disease would taken 3rd place in the leading causes of the mortality by 2030. Most common symptoms of the respiratory diseases are cough and sputum.Aim of the study: Aim of this study is to investigate some effects Sorool-4 drug on some respiratory diseases.Method of study: Experimental research method was used in this study. 30 laboratory white mouse, each weigh is 18-22 grams and 40 Vistar species rats, each weigh is 180-220 g were used in the study in where Inner Mongolian National University of China.0.25% Ammonium hydrochloridium solvent was inhaled to each mices for 10 seconds. After 3 day inhalation procedure, Sorool-4 drug was injected 10 grams per kg to mices, and Libexin was administered 4.3mg/kg per one time in next 3 day. During these 3 days, we measured cough for 3 minutes to each mices by ZOLY- 3 devices in everyday.White mices were classified into 3 groups, and then0.1 ml/10gram phenol aldehyde solution 0.2-0.25 ml per each mice injected to abdominal cavity. After 3 day injection, sorool-4 was administered 10 gram per kg and bromhexine 0.12 mg per kg, 3 times a day, for 3 days.Bacterial colony: Coagulase positive S.aureus DU 5789 and coagulase negative mutant DU5843 species were used in this study. These bacterias has stored in-700C in brain and heart infusion, and 10% glycerol and 5% non-fat milk were feed until used.Culture: According to CASH method, some changes were made. S.aureus was cultured in the TSA, BBL agar in +370C for 24 hours and diluted with pure non- endotoxin saline and centrifuged at 3000rpm for 7 days, +40C, 10 min per day. And then again diluted with cold pure saline, and diluted to 2х109-4х109 CFU ml by turbid meter. Prepared suspension has warmed to 450C, and mixed 10 ml suspension with 4% 10ml melted NOBLE agar.Experimental model: 0.2-10ml/10ml/g agar wasinjected to every mice tail vein.To develop cough model, 0.25% ammonium hydrochloridium solution was inhaled 10 sec for 3 days in YLS-8A device. After 3 day, in three groups, mices of the each group coughed mean 25.6±3.6 amount. Sorool-4 drug and Libexin were administered 10mg/kg to treatment group 1 and 4.3 mg/kg to treatment group 2, each respectively. After administration these drugs, counted cough amount of each mice for 3 min in YLS- 8A device in 3 day.Conclusion: Because of amount of sputum of treatment group 1 and 2 is more than control group, Sorool-4 is not efficient as same as bromhexine, but this showed that it has mucus expectorant effect.As shown results, sorool-4 has anti-inflammatory effect. It would be more effective using sorool-4 with antibiotic.

Background: The learning outcomes of a program are defined by the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that students are expected to acquire by the end of the curriculum. For occupational therapy professionals, it is essential to successfully implement both pre-graduation and post-graduation programs and to assess the effectiveness of the curriculum by clearly identifying the competencies expected of graduates in society. Aim: To identify the core competencies required for training occupational therapists at both pre-graduation and post-graduation levels. Materials and Methods: A modified Delphi method combined with Nominal Group Technique (NGT) was employed. The study was conducted in three phases from April 2022 to May 2024. In the initial online survey, a total of 83 participants were involved, including occupational therapy students, graduates, and members of the Mongolian Association of Occupational Therapists. A nominal group consisting of four experts held several focus group discussions to review and vote on the proposed competencies, forming a revised list. In the final phase (second-round Delphi), the updated list was distributed online again to collect additional feedback. Results: A total of 136 individuals participated in the online surveys throughout the study. The final list of competencies was synthesized based on three main international standards: the World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT) Minimum Standards for Education (2016), the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists (CAOT) Profile of Occupational Therapy Practice (2012), and the TUNING Educational Competencies in Europe. Through five rounds of NGT meetings, one online scoring session, and a final Delphi round, a total of 12 program learning outcomes (PLOs), 198 core competencies for the pre-graduation level, and 86 competencies for the post-graduation level were identified. Conclusion By applying consensus techniques, we developed a structured list of core competencies at both the basic and advanced levels aligned with the 12 program learning outcomes (PLOs) of the occupational therapy curriculum. This list can serve as a practical reference framework for future curriculum design and professional training programs in the occupational therapy.

Since a human being was born, female reproductive organs, particularly the structure and function of the ovaries are constantly changing. The findings of overseas studies referred hereunder show that the ovarian follicular growth and atresia in young girls occur simultaneously, continuously and actively. The histopathology and ultrasound examination of the ovaries in girls were similar in principles. We found that ovarian maturation is influenced by hormonal stimulation, not only by age. In the most of the study, ovarian follicles were divided into two groups; as micro-cysts (<9mm) and macro-cysts (>9mm).
In every country, physical development of inhabitants shall be researched academically in every 5 to 10 years, comparing to geography, nature, weather conditions, culture, occupation and livelihood of local residents, in connection with the social and economic development of the country; urban and rural areas. In the studies regarding physical growth and development of Mongolian children’s body, structure and maturation of the ovaries in girls have not been determined. However, in 1996, Tuul M. studied ovarian measurements in Mongolian adults sampling organs from cadavers. Fundamental research determining the characteristic of ovarian structure and maturation in Mongolian girls and comparing results with an onset of puberty is needed to be developed.

Background: One-third of people with epilepsy have drug-resistant epilepsy, making surgical treatment necessary. Comprehensive pre-surgical evaluations, including long-term video-electroencephalographic (VEEG) monitoring, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and neuropsychological testing, are essential components of epilepsy presurgical evaluation. The Epilepsy Center at the Mongolian-Japanese Hospital of MNUMS was established in September 2022 and introduced long-term video-EEG monitoring in May 2023. This marked the first time in Mongolia that comprehensive evaluation for epilepsy surgery became available. Aim: To evaluate the role and outcomes of long-term video-EEG monitoring in the pre-surgical assessment of epilepsy patients Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at the Epilepsy Center of the Mongolian-Japanese Hospital from May 2023 to March 2025. Patients who underwent VEEG and comprehensive pre-surgical evaluation were included. Data included demographic information, seizure history, imaging findings, and neurophysiological assessments (routine, sleep-deprived, and long-term video EEG). Patients were divided into two groups based on whether they met criteria for epilepsy surgery, and surgical outcomes were compared between these groups. Results: A total of 297 patients (104 children and 193 adults) participated in the study. Of these, 96 (32%) were diagnosed with temporal lobe epilepsy and underwent pre-surgical evaluation. The mean age of this group was 33±9.2 years; male-to-female ratio was 1:1. Age of seizure onset was 20±10.9 years, and the mean duration of epilepsy was 14.8±10.3 years. Etiologies included meningitis (21.7%), febrile seizures (15.2%), birth complications (12.5%), and traumatic brain injury (12.5%). The average duration of VEEG monitoring was 1.45±0.68 days, during which 161 seizures were recorded (average 2.64 per patient). No seizures were captured in 35 patients. Among the 96 patients, 29 met the criteria for surgical intervention, and 11 underwent temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Surgical outcomes were significantly better compared to the non-surgical group (p<0.05). Conclusion Long-term video-EEG monitoring plays a critical role in precisely localizing the epileptogenic zone, identifying seizure types, establishing differential diagnoses, and optimizing surgical candidacy. It is confirmed as an essential diagnostic tool in the pre-surgical evaluation for epilepsy surgery.

Introduction: This field assessment was performed to ensure the effective implementation of Order No. A/142 of the Deputy Prime Minister of Mongolia dated 30^th December 2021 and Order No. A/01 of the Head of the National Committee for Reducing Environmental Pollution dated 3^rd January 2022 and to monitor the level of indoor air pollutants emitted from traditional stoves and standard stoves. Purpose: To determine the level of indoor air pollutants emitted from briquette combustion and to develop recommendations by comparing various types of stoves and dwellings. Materials and Methods: Through analytical cross-sectional designs, three households from Songinokhairkhan district and one household from Chingeltei district were selected to participate in this assessment as they use briquettes for heating, vary in their dwelling types (ger (traditional Mongolian tent), house) and their stove types (traditional, standard), stay home during the day and chose to participate in the assessment. 24-hour continuous measurements were conducted for each dwelling and before taking measurements, we calibrated and adjusted the air suction velocity of the measuring instrument at the Central Metrology Laboratory. The monitor was placed at a distance of 0.5m from the stove and a height of 0.5-1.0m from the floor. The results were then compared with the Mongolian National Standard “General air quality and technical requirements MNS4585:2016” and WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality 2021. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0 software, mean, ANOVA test, and if the p-value is less than 0.05, our results are statistically significant. Results: The concentration level of SO₂ in houses with “Dul” stoves was within the level specified in the Mongolian standard MNS4585: 2016 and WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality 2021, while 24-hour SO₂ concentration in gers and houses with traditional stoves was 1.3-2.92 times higher than the standards. The 24-hour average concentration of nitrogen dioxide in houses with traditional stoves was 1.73 times higher than the Mongolian air quality standard MNS4585: 2016. There were statistically significant differences in the emission levels of SO₂ and NO₂ depending on dwelling and stove types (df=4, f=4.04, p=0.008 and df=4, f=17.17, p=0.001, respectively.). The 8-hour average (10,000 μg/m3) CO concentration was statistically significant for various types of dwellings and stoves (df=4, f=45.17, p=0.001), whereas there was a statistically significant difference in CO concentrations in gers with traditional stoves and gers with standard stoves in terms of morning, afternoon, and evening hours (df=3, f=33.17, p=0.001). Conclusion Indoor air pollutants in the households except for houses with “Dul” stoves have been determined to exceed the air quality standards set by the Mongolian air quality standards and WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality 2021.

Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by bronchoconstriction and breathing difficulties, which can be triggered by both allergic and non-allergic mechanisms. In allergic asthma, a hyperreactivity reaction occurs, leading to an increase in fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels. Therefore, FeNO is used to differentiate allergic and non-allergic types of asthma. In recent years, studies have been conducted to assess FeNO as an indicator of treatment effectiveness and symptom control. Our goal is to introduce FeNO measurement in Mongolia for the first time and utilize it for asthma diagnosis and treatment outcome evaluation. Aim: Study of FeNO levels in Asthma Diagnosis in Relation to Laboratory Findings and Lung Function Materials and Methods: This study included a total of 70 adult patients (18 years and older) with asthma who visited the Outpatient Clinic of Mongolia-Japan Hospital and Shargaljuut Spa Clinic from May to December 2024. Based on their allergic history, total IgE levels, and peripheral blood eosinophil count, participants were classified into allergic (>5%) and non-allergic (<5%) asthma. The study aimed to determine the diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of FeNO levels. Asthma control levels were assessed using the Asthma Control Test (ACT), lung function was evaluated using spirometry, and exercise capacity was measured with the 6-minute walk test. Results: In a single measurement, there were no differences between the allergic and non-allergic groups in parameters other than total IgE, peripheral blood eosinophil count, and FeNO levels. For diagnosing the allergic form of asthma, at a FeNO level of 25 ppb, sensitivity (Se) was 0.68, specificity (Sp) was 0.30 (p=0.008); at 40 ppb, Se was 0.77, Sp was 0.31 (p=0.001); and at 50 ppb, Se was 0.74, Sp was 0.33 (p=0.001). Lung function and exercise capacity were similar in both asthma groups. Conclusion The sensitivity of FeNO in distinguishing between allergic and non-allergic forms of asthma is 67-81%, and its sensitivity tends to increase as the FeNO level rises. By distinguishing the allergic type in which inhaled corticosteroids are more effective, the outcome of asthma treatment can be predicted in advance based on the FeNO level.