Gross anatomy has traditionally been the foundation of medical education. Medical students have learned the structure of the human body through dissection, lecture, and textbooks. As tablets and three-dimensional (3D) applications are developed, 3D atlas applications are utilized in learning anatomy by medical students. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impacts of 3D atlas applications on students' understanding of gross anatomy. This research was targeted at medical students taking the Anatomy and Embryology class in 2017 and 2018, at Ewha Womans University. The correlation between use of 3D atlas and student's results on the Anatomy and Embryology test was analyzed. An open-book anatomy quiz was also carried out to analyze the correlation between the type of atlas each student refers to and the results of the quiz. Independent t test between groups did not show statistically significant difference in the results of the Anatomy and Embryology test. However, the group referring to 3D atlas showed significantly higher results on the simple questions of the open-book anatomy quiz (P<0.05). In conclusion, 3D atlas is not very helpful in acquiring deep anatomical knowledge or memorizing the location of anatomical structures, but it can simply aid in the rapid identification of anatomical structures. Additionally, the 3D atlas will show good synergy with the two-dimensional atlas if used properly in anatomy education, because most students think it is useful to use the 3D atlas.
Education ; Education, Medical ; Embryology ; Female ; Human Body ; Humans ; Learning ; Students, Medical ; Tablets

Background: Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder. To improve the health deterioration of PWS, investigating optimal treatment options for PWS is required. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacotherapies compared with supportive care or placebos in patients with PWS. Methods: PubMed and EMBASE databases were used to search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy of pharmacotherapy in PWS patients. Only RCTs that evaluating the efficacy of pharmacotherapy in PWS patients were retrieved. Results: A total of 26 studies were included to evaluate body composition, hormones, glucose levels and hyperphagia behavioral status. Pharmacological treatment group showed a significant decrease of body fat (mean difference (MD): -6.32, 95% confidence interval (CI): -10.58 to -2.06, p=0.004), a significant increase of lean body mass (LBM) (MD: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.43 to 2.30, p<0.00001) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels (MD: 241.62, 95% CI: 68.59 to 414.64, p=0.006) compared with the control group. Nevertheless, based on other outcomes evaluated by the current systematic review, pharmacological options showed different efficacy in treating PWS. Conclusion Pharmacological therapies were effective to decrease significantly in body fat and increase significantly on LBM and IGF-1 levels in patients with PWS. However, still, individualized therapies should be considered in real-world practice in PWS treatment.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the effectiveness of community-based interventions designed for older adults living alone through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: The study incorporated 4 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 5 non-RCTs to evaluate various interventions. The methodological quality of these studies was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist, while Q-statistic and I-square tests were performed to examine statistical heterogeneity. Additionally, visual inspection of funnel plots and the trim-and-fill method were employed to investigate potential publication bias. Of the 2,729 identified studies, 9 met the criteria for inclusion in this review. Independent variables were categorized into 5 groups (physical activity, nutrition, social relationships, social participation, and combined intervention) to examine their effects. Dependent variables were similarly classified into 5 subgroups to identify the specific effects of the interventions. RESULTS: Interventions focusing on nutrition and combined approaches were the most effective, yielding effect sizes of 0.96 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 1.25) and 0.43 (95% CI, 0.26 to 0.60), respectively. The interventions had the greatest impacts on the health behavior and mental health of the participants, with effect sizes of 0.98 (95% CI, 0.73 to 1.22) for health behavior and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.19 to 1.16) for mental health. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a direction for the development of community-based interventions tailored to the needs of older adults living alone. Additionally, it provides evidence to inform policy decisions concerning this demographic.

Methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a homocysteine metabolism-related enzyme and defects of MTHFR is a risk factor for hyperhomocysteinemia and related various neurological disease. Among them, 665C>T polymorphism is the most common form. We report a 48 years old man presenting with progressive psychiatric problems along with severe demyelinating polyneuropathy due to homozygous c.665C>T homozygote polymorphism superimposed by compound heterozygous mutation (c.1417C>T, p.Arg473Trp) in the MTHFR gene, without thromboembolic changes.

Purpose: This study conducted a job analysis of visiting nurses in the process of change. Methods: Participants were the visiting nurses working for the Seoul Metropolitan city. On the basis of the Public Health Intervention Wheel model, two times of the focus group interview (FGI) with seven visiting nurses and one time of the Developing a Curriculum (DACUM) with 34 visiting nurses were performed. A questionnaire survey of 380 visiting nurses was conducted to examine the frequency, importance and difficulty levels of the tasks created by using the FGI and DACUM. Results: Visiting nurses’ job was derived as the theme of present versus transitional roles. The present role was categorized as ‘providing individual- and group-focused services’ and ‘conducting organization management’, while the transitional role was categorized as ‘providing district-focused services’ and ‘responding to new health issues’. The job generated 13 duties, 28 tasks, and 73task elements. The tasks showed the levels of frequency (3.65 scores), importance (4.27 scores), and difficulty (3.81 scores). All the tasks were determined as important, exceeding the average 4.00 scores. The group- and district-focused services of the tasks were recognized as more difficult but less frequent tasks. Conclusion The visiting nurses exert both present and transitional roles. The transitional roles identified in the present study should be recognized as an extended role of visiting nurses in accordance with the current changing healthcare needs in South Korea. Finally, the educational curriculum for visiting nurses that reflects the transitional roles from the present study is needed.

Paramyotonia congenita (PMC) is characterized by nondystrophic myotonia aggravated by exercise and cold exposure. SCN4A mutations manifest as various phenotypes of channelopathy, including PMC, myotonia congenita, and periodic paralysis. SCN4A-related channelopathy is characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance. Parental gonadal mosaicism is suspected in cases of recurrent de novo mutation in an autosomal dominantly inherited disease. We report a case of two Korean brothers presenting with PMC due to same de novo SCN4A point mutation, probably due to parental gonadal mosaicism.

Paramyotonia congenita (PMC) is characterized by nondystrophic myotonia aggravated by exercise and cold exposure. SCN4A mutations manifest as various phenotypes of channelopathy, including PMC, myotonia congenita, and periodic paralysis. SCN4A-related channelopathy is characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance. Parental gonadal mosaicism is suspected in cases of recurrent de novo mutation in an autosomal dominantly inherited disease. We report a case of two Korean brothers presenting with PMC due to same de novo SCN4A point mutation, probably due to parental gonadal mosaicism.

Paramyotonia congenita (PMC) is characterized by nondystrophic myotonia aggravated by exercise and cold exposure. SCN4A mutations manifest as various phenotypes of channelopathy, including PMC, myotonia congenita, and periodic paralysis. SCN4A-related channelopathy is characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance. Parental gonadal mosaicism is suspected in cases of recurrent de novo mutation in an autosomal dominantly inherited disease. We report a case of two Korean brothers presenting with PMC due to same de novo SCN4A point mutation, probably due to parental gonadal mosaicism.