1. Epidemiology of polio virus infection in Pakistan and possible risk factors for its transmission
Mahvish KABIR ; Muhammad Sohail AFZAL
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2016;9(11):1044-1047
End Polio Pakistan program still has to overcome many hurdles; unfortunately on 8th February 2016 first polio case of the year has surfaced in Karachi. It seems that battle against polio demands little bit more conviction and motivation. WHO has set a goal of polio eradication in Pakistan till 2018, in order to evaluate the success of this target; polio eradication campaign in Pakistan has been analyzed in different perspectives. Our analysis indicated that major obstacles in eradication are low literacy rate, poor health infrastructure, lack of planning, natural disaster, economic crisis, counter insurgencies and almost no protection for polio health workers. WHO has allocated new funds to tackle this problem, now there is a need to spend this money more effectively; with proper planning and honest deployment of funds.
2.Seroprevalence and Spatial Distribution of Toxoplasmosis in Sheep and Goats in North-Eastern Region of Pakistan.
Haroon AHMED ; Ayesha MALIK ; Irfan MUSTAFA ; Muhammad ARSHAD ; Mobushir Riaz KHAN ; Sohail AFZAL ; Shahzad ALI ; M Mobeen HASHMI ; Sami SIMSEK
The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2016;54(4):439-446
Toxoplasmosis is a protozoan disease that is caused by Toxoplasma gondii in livestock and humans. Due to its medical and veterinary importance, it is essential to study the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection among humans and animals in various parts of the world. The major objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and spatial distribution of toxoplasmosis in small ruminants (sheep and goats) of north-eastern region, Pakistan. A total of 1,000 animals comprising of sheep (n=470) and goats (n=530) were examined for T. gondii infection by using ELISA. An epidemiological data was collected in the form of questionnaire. A surface has been generated by using method of interpolation in Arc GIS with the help of IDW (inverse distance weight). The results showed higher seroprevalence of T. gondii in goats (42.8%) as compared to sheep (26.2%). The seroprevalence was higher in females as compared to males in all examined ruminants. Similarly, there is a wide variation in the seroprevalence of T. gondii in different breeds of sheep and goats showing higher seroprevalence in Teddy (52.8%) and Damani breed (34.5%) of goat and sheep's, respectively. The geographical and spatial distribution of T. gondii shows that it is widely distributed in different parts of the north-eastern region of Pakistan. Our results suggest widespread environmental contamination with T. gondii oocysts. It suggests us that small ruminants could be a potentially important source of T. gondii infection if their infected meat is consumed undercooked.
Animals
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
;
Female
;
Goats*
;
Humans
;
Livestock
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Male
;
Meat
;
Methods
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Oocysts
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Pakistan*
;
Ruminants
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Seroepidemiologic Studies*
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Sheep*
;
Toxoplasma
;
Toxoplasmosis*
3.Organogenesis: need of the current world.
Arsalan AHMAD ; Hafiz Muhammad Umer ASLAM ; Muhammad Sohail AFZAL ; Zubair BHUTTA
Chinese Medical Journal 2019;132(7):849-852
Animals
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Brain
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embryology
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Ear
;
embryology
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Esophagus
;
embryology
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Fallopian Tubes
;
embryology
;
Female
;
Heart
;
embryology
;
Humans
;
Kidney
;
embryology
;
Liver
;
embryology
;
Lung
;
embryology
;
Male
;
Organogenesis
;
physiology
;
Penis
;
embryology
;
Rabbits
;
Stomach
;
embryology
;
Vagina
;
embryology
4.A Retrospective Analysis on the Cystic Echinococcosis Cases Occured in Northeastern Punjab Province, Pakistan
Aisha KHAN ; Sarmad ZAHOOR ; Haroon AHMED ; Uzma MALIK ; Rabia Amin BUTT ; Muhammad Sultanul MUZAM ; Seyma Gunyakti KILINC ; Noorulain NOOR ; Saroosh ZAHOOR ; Muhammad Sohail AFZAL ; Hamza MANSUR ; Shumaila IRUM ; Sami SIMSEK
The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2018;56(4):385-390
A retrospective study was performed to report the case occurrence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in three hospitals of north-eastern region in Punjab Province, Pakistan. We reviewed retrospectively the clinical records of patients in 4 hospitals which were diagnosed with CE during 2012–2017. A total of 198 cases, 82 (41.4%) male and 116 (58.6%) females were detected as CE. The most Highest incidence was revealed in.... 21–30 years-old group (24.2%) followed by 41–50 (22.7%), 31–40 (16.2%), 11–20 (13.6%), 51–60 (8.1%), below 10 (5.5%), over 71 (5.1%) and 61–70 year-old group (4.5%). CE was detected in various organs of infected individuals. However, most of CE cases were detected in the liver (47.4%) and lung (18.6%). The present study indicated that CE is more or less prevalent in surveyed areas and one of the most important public health problems in Punjab Province, Pakistan.
Echinococcosis
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Epidemiology
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Female
;
Humans
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Incidence
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Liver
;
Lung
;
Male
;
Pakistan
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Public Health
;
Retrospective Studies