No abstract available.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Ion Transport* ; Sodium Iodide* ; Sodium*

No abstract available.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Ion Transport* ; Sodium Iodide* ; Sodium*

Iododerma is a rare cutaneous eruption that occurs after oral, parenteral or topical administration of iodides. Acneiform papulopustular lesions are the most common skin reactions of iododerma and erythematous, vesiculobullous, vegetative, and pustular psoriasis-like lesions appear less commonly. A 40-year-old woman with post-thyroidectomy presented with pustular and crusted patches with erythematous and indurated bases on the face and well-defined purplish crusted desquamative plaques on the lower legs at 10 days after radioactive iodine-131 ablation. Based on clinicopathological findings and history, she was diagnosed with iododerma following radioactive iodine ablation. Hypersensitivity to iodine is more uncommon in iodine-131 therapy compared with other iodine-containing substances since the quantity of sodium iodide is infinitely small. As iododerma following radioactive iodine ablation is a rare entity, so clinicians need to know about the possibilities of developing the skin lesion along with other early side effects before administering iodine-131 therapy.
Administration, Topical ; Female ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Iodides ; Iodine ; Leg ; Skin ; Sodium Iodide ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Neoplasms

Radioiodine (RAI) has been used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism and is usually administered orally as sodium iodide (I-131) in solution or a capsule. However, this results in RAI being rapidly incorporated into the thyroid cells, and extensive local tissue damage occurring via beta emissions of I-131. The incidence rate of hypothyroidism is 5–50% at the first year after RAI therapy and is positively associated with the dosage of RAI. RAI has been used since 1960 in Korea; however, there have been few well-designed prospective trials, leaving many questions about indications, optimal dose, efficacy, and side-effects. This review summarizes the latest research pertaining to clinical questions about indications, optimal dose, efficacy, and side-effects.
Graves Disease ; Hyperthyroidism ; Hypothyroidism ; Incidence ; Korea ; Prospective Studies ; Sodium Iodide ; Thyroid Gland

Although radioiodine has been applied in thyroid diseases including carcinoma for over 70 years, it was only in 1996 that the basic molecular mechanism of iodine uptake was identified. Iodide is actively transported into the thyroid via a membrane glycoprotein known as sodium iodide symporter (NIS). NIS mediates radioiodine uptake into thyroid normal and cancer cells. The knowledge on NIS expression has provided scientific background to the empirical management of thyroid carcinoma. Based on recent studies of the NIS gene, this paper provides current clinical applications and future studies.
Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Iodine ; Ion Transport ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; Sodium Iodide ; Sodium ; Theranostic Nanomedicine ; Thyroid Diseases ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Neoplasms

OBJECTIVES: Biofilm formation is critical to dental caries initiation and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nicotine exposure on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm formation concomitantly with the inhibitory effects of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and potassium iodide (KI) salts. This study examined bacterial growth with varying concentrations of NaCl, KCl, and KI salts and nicotine levels consistent with primary levels of nicotine exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A preliminary screening experiment was performed to investigate the appropriate concentrations of NaCl, KCl, and KI to use with nicotine. With the data, a S. mutans biofilm growth assay was conducted using nicotine (0–32 mg/mL) in Tryptic Soy broth supplemented with 1% sucrose with and without 0.45 M of NaCl, 0.23 M of KCl, and 0.113 M of KI. The biofilm was stained with crystal violet dye and the absorbance measured to determine biofilm formation. RESULTS: The presence of 0.45 M of NaCl, 0.23 M of KCl, and 0.113 M of KI significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) nicotine-induced S. mutans biofilm formation by 52%, 79.7%, and 64.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide additional evidence regarding the biofilm-enhancing effects of nicotine and demonstrate the inhibitory influence of these salts in reducing the nicotine-induced biofilm formation. A short-term exposure to these salts may inhibit S. mutans biofilm formation.
Biofilms ; Dental Caries ; Gentian Violet ; Mass Screening ; Nicotine ; Potassium Chloride ; Potassium Iodide ; Salts ; Sodium Chloride ; Streptococcus mutans ; Streptococcus ; Sucrose

The retained functionality of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) expressed in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) cells allows the further utilization of post-surgical radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy, which is an effective treatment for reducing the risk of recurrence, and even the mortality, of DTC. Whereas, the dedifferentiation of DTC could influence the expression of functional NIS, thereby reducing the efficacy of RAI therapy in advanced DTC. Genetic alternations (such as BRAF and the rearranged during transfection [RET]/papillary thyroid cancer [PTC] rearrangement) have been widely reported to be prominently responsible for the onset, progression, and dedifferentiation of PTC, mainly through activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling cascades. These genetic alternations have been suggested to associate with the reduced expression of iodide-handling genes in thyroid cancer, especially the NIS gene, disabling iodine uptake and causing resistance to RAI therapy. Recently, novel and promising approaches aiming at various targets have been attempted to restore the expression of these iodine-metabolizing genes and enhance iodine uptake through in vitro studies and studies of RAI-refractory (RAIR)-DTC patients. In this review, we discuss the regulation of NIS, known mechanisms of dedifferentiation including the MAPK and PI3K pathways, and the current status of redifferentiation therapy for RAIR-DTC patients.
Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Iodine ; Ion Transport ; Isotopes ; Mortality ; Protein Kinases ; Recurrence ; Sodium Iodide ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; Transfection

BACKGROUND: The iodide transport into thyroid cells is an essential step in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) which is responsible for iodide transport was cloned recently and identified as a plasma membrane glycoprotein. Recent report suggested the absence of human NIS (hNIS) mRNA expression of papillary carcinoma in thyroid indicates absence of response on radioiodine therapy for distant metastasis. To understand the change of hNIS expression at the stage of metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinomas, we evaluated the expression levels of hNIS mRNA in primary and lymph node metastatic papillary carcinoma tissues. METHODS: Seven pairs of primary and lymph node metastatic tissues were included in this study. The level of hNIS mRNA in lymph node metastatic tissues and primary tissues were evaluated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The level of GAPDH mRNA was used as internal control. RESULTS: Two among 6 lymph node metastatic tissues did not show hNIS mRNA even with significant hNIS expressions in papillary carcinoma tissues in thyroid. The levels of hNIS expression of remaining 4 lymph node metastatic tissues were lower than those of corresponding primary tissues. Interestingly, one case showed no hNIS expression in primary tissue, but significant hNIS expression in lymph node metastatic tissue. There was no correlation in hNIS mRNA expression between primary and lymph node metastatic tissues. CONCLUSION: No correlation was found in hNIS mRNA expression between primary and lymph node metastatic tissues, suggesting the measurements of hNIS mRNA level in primary tissues may not predict therapeutic response to radioactive iodine.
Carcinoma, Papillary ; Cell Membrane ; Clone Cells ; Glycoproteins ; Humans* ; Iodine ; Ion Transport* ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; RNA, Messenger* ; Sodium Iodide* ; Sodium* ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Hormones ; Thyroid Neoplasms*

PURPOSE: Both human NIS and mutant D2R transgenes are proposed as reporting system in transplanted cell tracking. Using hepatoma cell lines, we constructed a dual reporter system containing human sodium-iodide symporter (hNIS) and dopamine 2 receptor (D2R) and compared its characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The recombinant plasmid (pIRES-hNIS/D2R) was constructed with IRES (internal ribosome entry site) under control of the CMV promoter. pIRES-hNIS/D2R was transfected to human hepatoma SK-Hep1 cell line with lipofectamine. HEP-ND (SK-Hep1-hNIS/D2R) cells stably expressing hNIS and D2R was established by selection with G418 for two weeks. RT-PCR was performed to investigate the expression of both hNIS and D2R genes. The expressions of hNIS and D2R were measured by 125I uptake assays and receptor binding assays. Specific binding of D2R to [3H]spiperone was verified by Scatchard plot with (+) butaclamol as a specific inhibitor. K (d) and B (max) values were estimated. The correlation between hNIS and D2R expression was compared by using each clone. RESULTS: Similar quantities of hNIS and D2R genes were expressed on HEP-ND as RT-PCR assays. HEP-ND cells showed 30 to 40 fold higher radioiodine uptakes than those of parental SK-Hep1 cells. 125I uptake in HEP-ND cells was completely inhibited by KClO4, a NIS inhibitor. Specific binding to HEP-ND cells was saturable and the K (d) and B (max) values for HEP-ND cells were 2.92 nM, 745.25 fmol/mg protein and 2.91nM, 1323 fmole/mg protein in two clones, respectively. The radioiodine uptake by hNIS activity and D2R binding was highly correlated. CONCLUSION: We developed a dual positron and gamma imaging reporter system of hNIS and D2R in a stably transfected cell line. We expect that D2R and hNIS genes can complement mutually as a nuclear reporting system or that D2R can be used as reporter gene when hNIS gene were used as a treatment gene.
Butaclamol ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Cell Line ; Cell Tracking ; Clone Cells ; Complement System Proteins ; Dopamine* ; Electrons ; Genes, Reporter ; Humans ; Ion Transport* ; Parents ; Plasmids ; Ribosomes ; Sodium Iodide* ; Sodium* ; Transgenes*

BACKGROUND: Lithium is known to increase the retention of iodide in the thyroid gland, or in well differentiated thyroid cancer tissue. The effects of lithium on the function of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) protein, especially when the lithium is increased in the retention of iodide in NIS-producing cells, the effect of lithium, on the kinetics of undifferentiated thyroid cancer cells transduced by a recombinant adenovirus containing the NIS gene, were checked. METHOD: Human NIS cDNA was inserted into pAxCAwt, a recombinant adenoviral cosmid vector, where the E1 & E2 genes have been deleted, making Rad-hNIS, which was propagated in 293 cells. The iodide uptake was evaluated by the 125I uptake assay in the undifferentiated thyroid cancer cells, ARO, FRO and NPA, following the infection with Rad-hNIS (1 or 10 MOI) in the presence, or absence, of LiCl at optimized concentrations. The iodide efflux was evaluated by the 125I efflux assay, for 1 hour, in the same cells expressing the NIS in the presence, or absence, of LiCl. Similar experiments were performed in the normal thyroid cell line, FRTL-5, cultured in 6H5 media. RESULTS: LiCl, at concentrations over 1.0mM, caused a significant decrease in the cell viability, as evaluated by trypan blue dye exclusion, in a dose dependent manner. When infected with Rad-hNIS, the iodide uptake was not affected by the LiCl in the ARO or NPA cells. However, LiCl(0.1and 1.0mM) increased the iodide uptake by 50 to 100%(vs. control) in the Rad-hNIS transduced FRO cells. In the Rad-hNIS transduced FRO cells, the iodide was released rapidly from the cells, with only 20.7+/-4.8% of the iodide uptake remaining at 1 hour, which was no different in the presence of LiCl (24.5+/-7.9%). The iodide efflux was not affected by the LiCl in the FRTL-5 cells cultured in the presence of TSH. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the lithium-induced iodide retention in the thyroid gland, or in well differentiated thyroid cancer tissue, is not caused by the effect of the lithium on the NIS function, or the function of proteins or channels, involved in iodide transport via cell membranes. Although the iodide uptake can be markedly increased by the expression of NIS, with the transduction of Rad-hNIS, in undifferentiated thyroid cancer cells, the iodide taken up is rapidly released from the cells. A method for inducing the iodide retention in the cell should be elucidated in order to render the NIS gene therapy effective.
Adenoviridae* ; Cell Line* ; Cell Membrane ; Cell Survival ; Cosmids ; DNA, Complementary ; Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Iodine* ; Ion Transport ; Kinetics* ; Lithium ; Sodium Iodide* ; Sodium* ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms* ; Trypan Blue