No abstract available.
Chlorhexidine ; Sodium ; Sodium Hypochlorite

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of 2% chlorhexidine gel associated with 8% papain gel in comparison with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in bovine pulp tissue dissolution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety bovine pulps of standardized sizes were used and fragmented into 5-mm sizes. The fragments were removed from the root middle third region. They were divided into 6 experimental groups (n = 15), 1) 8% papain; 2) 2% chlorhexidine; 3) 2% chlorhexidine associated with 8% papain; 4) 0.9% saline solution; 5) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite; and 6) 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. The pulp fragments were weighed and put into immobile test tubes for dissolution for time intervals of 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. RESULTS: The 5.25% sodium hypochlorite had greater dissolution potential than the pure papain, and when associated with chlorhexidine, both promoted greater dissolution than did the saline solution and 2% chlorhexidine groups (p < 0.05). The 2.5% sodium hypochlorite promoted dissolution to a lesser extent than the groups with papain within a period of 30 min (p < 0.05), but, was comparable to the saline solution and chlorhexidine. After 120 min, the 2.5% and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite promoted dissolution of 100% of the pulp fragments, and papain, 61%, while chlorhexidine associated with papain and chlorhexidine alone dissolved only 55% and 3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The 8% papain in gel, both alone and in association with chlorhexidine, was able to dissolve bovine pulp tissue, but to a lesser extent than did 5.25% sodium hypochlorite.
Chlorhexidine* ; Endodontics ; Papain* ; Sodium Chloride ; Sodium Hypochlorite

The effects of sodium hypochlorite for the destruction of P. aeruginosa, E. coli, K. pneumonias and S. anreas and for the prevention of contamination of irrigation fluid, which is either exposed to ICU environment or used for cleansing oral or trachea catheter tips, were tested and the following results were obtained. 1) The sodium hypochlorite solution 1: 800 destroyed P. aeraginosa, E. coli, K. pneomoniue and S. aweas in 5 minutes. This bactericidal effect was observed to be retained after the solution had stood 24 hours. 2) Viable P. aeraginosa was not detected immediately, 5 minutes and 10 minutes after exposure to 1: 500, 1: 800 and 1: 1000 sodium hypochloride solutions respectively. 3) The sodium hypochlorite solution 1: 800 prevented contamination of the irrigation fluids during a 24 hour exposure to the ICU environment. 4) P. aeraginosa and other gram-negative bacilli were frequently isolated from the plain fluid used for irrigating and holding the suction tips which had been used for patients. However, no organisms were isolated from fluid containing sodium hypochlorite 1: 800 even after 24 hour usage. It is concluded that the use of fluid containing sodium hypochlorite for the irrigation of catheter tips can reduce development of infections in the ICU patients.
Catheters ; Humans ; Infection Control* ; Pneumonia ; Sodium Hypochlorite* ; Sodium* ; Suction ; Trachea

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical applications of the Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate effervescent tablet as a routine root canal irrigant by performing several in vitro tests such as Cl- content, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial effect as well as its pH level compared to the equivalent concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution. 1. Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate demonstrated lower level of Cl- concentation than each dilution of sodium hypochlorite solution. Both solution has increased level of Cl- as the concentration of each solution increased. There was no significant change of Cl- concentration in sodium hypochlorite as time goes by. However, Cl- concentration in Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate was increased. 2. The antimicrobial effects of both solutions were increased when their concentrations were increased. One day after dilution, antimicrobial effect of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate was slightly higher than sodium hypochlorite, however, there was no difference in 1 week dilution solution. One month dilution solution of sodium hypochlorite still retain its activity, but antimicrobial effect of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate was drastically decreased 1 month after dilution. 3. The cytotoxicity of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate was rather higher than same concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution until 1 week after dilution. Then in 1 month, cytotoxicity of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate was decreased than that of 1 week dilution solution, especially 4% Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate solution has almost no toxicity. However, 1% and 2% sodium hypochlorite solution has unchanged moderate degree of cytotoxicity after the dilution. Furthermore, 4% sodium hypochlorite solution showed high level of toxicity. 4. The pH level of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate showed that the solution was weak acid (pH5). On the other hand, sodium hypochlorite was revealed as a strong alkaline solution (pH12). There was no change in pH following the dilution of each solution. As results, Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate solution fully satisfy the basic requirements as a root canal irrigation solution. However, we strongly recommend to use this solution clinically in low concentration and try to apply into the root canal within 1 week after dilution.
Dental Pulp Cavity* ; Hand ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration* ; Sodium Hypochlorite ; Sodium*

In this study, a restoration process was developed with potassium hydroxide (KOH), in order to improve each of the structures for their posterior fixation, through the use of new methods such as the Chilean conservative fixative solution (SFCCh), with exceptional results. Restore anatomical pieces corresponding to corpse and organs, being these last set with the SFCCh. In this work dealt with processes of restoration with potassium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and sodium hypochlorite, the process began with the cleanliness and suture of the structures for subsequent fixing in Chilean conservative fixative solution, making use of a corpse and different anatomical parts. Work based on items found in the database, Elsevier, Science Direct, ProQuest, and MEDLINE. At the end of the process of restoration and conservation of the anatomical pieces, was observed an improvement in muscle pigment with decrease of rigidity in the specimen, additionally a recovery of appearance in the vascular-nervous elements was achieved. The organs were much more malleable and the structures facilitate the identification of specific details, its subsequent immersion in SFCCh allows the longer preservation of the obtained results. The restoration with potassium hydroxide allows the improvement in the appearance of the different anatomical structures and simultaneously to facilitate its study. The SFCCh is an alternative that replaces partially the use of formaldehyde. In addition, it presents toxicity reduction.
Cadaver ; Formaldehyde ; Immersion ; Potassium ; Sodium Hydroxide ; Sodium Hypochlorite ; Sutures

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of deproteinization and an additional primer treatment on the microtensile bond strength of a newly developed self-adhesive resin cement to dentin. The occlusal dentin of extracted human third molars was randomly divided into four groups according to the surface treatment: a control (CON) with no treatment; applying a deproteinizing agent (DPT) (5% sodium hypochlorite); using a primer (PRI) (G-CEM ONE Adhesive enhancing primer, GC); and applying a deproteinizing agent and a primer (DPT-PRI). Composite resin blocks with a disk shape (diameter, 10 mm; height, 4 mm) were bonded to the treated dentin using a self-adhesive resin cement (G-CEM ONE, GC). The specimens were sectioned into sticks with a cross-section of 1 mm² and tested to failure in tension mode at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. All groups showed a significantly higher microtensile bond strength compared to CON (p<0.05). PRI showed the highest microtensile bond strength followed by DPT and DPT-PRI (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed between DPT and DPT-PRI (p>0.05). Within the limitations of this study, a deproteinizing agent or specific primer can enhance the microtensile bond strength of the self-adhesive resin cement to dentin. However, it is not recommended to use a primer in combination with the deproteinizing agents.
Adhesives ; Dentin ; Humans ; Molar, Third ; Resin Cements ; Sodium ; Sodium Hypochlorite

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this in vivo study was to assess the accuracy of 2 third-generation electronic apex locators (EALs), Propex II (Dentsply Maillefer) and Root ZX II (J. Morita), and radiographic technique for locating the major foramen (MF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two premolars with single canals that required extraction were included. Following anesthesia, access, and initial canal preparation with size 10 and 15 K-flex files and SX and S1 rotary ProTaper files, the canals were irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. The length of the root canal was verified 3 times for each tooth using the 2 apex locators and once using the radiographic technique. Teeth were extracted and the actual WL was determined using size 15 K-files under a × 25 magnification. The Biostat 4.0 program (AnalystSoft Inc.) was used for comparing the direct measurements with those obtained using radiographic technique and the apex locators. Pearson's correlation analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: The measurements obtained using the visual method exhibited the strongest correlation with Root ZX II (r = 0.94), followed by Propex II (r = 0.90) and Ingle's technique (r = 0.81; p < 0.001). Descriptive statistics using ANOVA (Tukey's post hoc test) revealed significant differences between the radiographic measurements and both EALs measurements (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both EALs presented similar accuracy that was higher than that of the radiographic measurements obtained with Ingle's technique. Our results suggest that the use of these EALs for MF location is more accurate than the use of radiographic measurements.
Anesthesia ; Bicuspid ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Methods ; Sodium Hypochlorite ; Tooth

The use of the mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has been expanded as the material can be applied on various treatment of endodontic care, which also has many advantages including bioactivity. Still, the discolorations of the materials have been presented as a concern related to esthetic appearances, which is caused by the presence of radiopacifiers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the color stability and radiopacity of white MTA with various radiopacifiers. Four different radiopacifiers [bismuth oxide (BM), calcium tungstate (CT), barium oxide (BO), and zirconium oxide (ZO)] were used. The radiopacity was tested according to ISO 6876, and the color change before and after immersing in a 5% hypochlorite solution was tested using a spectrophotometer. The group with no radiopacifier (NR) was used as a negative control and ProRoot MTA (PR) was used as the commercial control. The immersion of the PR and BM in sodium hypochlorite resulted in a dark brown discoloration, in which the values were higher than the rest of the group (p<0.05). No change was observed in the NR. Moreover, the CT and ZO showed no color change compared to the NR (p>0.05). In terms of the radiopacity, the NR showed the lowest value as expected (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the BM showed the highest value (p<0.05), followed by PR and BO (p<0.05). The NR showed the lowest radiopacity values. The result of this study will be useful for future development of MTA that would have clinically adequate radiopacity with minimum discoloration.
Barium ; Calcium ; Hypochlorous Acid ; Immersion ; Miners ; Pemetrexed ; Sodium Hypochlorite ; Zirconium

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this systematic review was to critically analyze previously published studies of the effects of dentin surface pretreatment with deproteinizing agents on the bonding of self-etch (SE) adhesives to dentin. Additionally, a meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the effects of the above-mentioned surface pretreatment methods on the bonding of SE adhesives to dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic search was performed using the following databases: Scopus, PubMed and ScienceDirect. The online search was performed using the following keywords: ‘dentin’ or ‘hypochlorous acid’ or ‘sodium hypochlorite’ and ‘self-etch adhesive.’ The following categories were excluded during the assessment process: non-English articles, randomized clinical trials, case reports, animal studies, and review articles. The reviewed studies were subjected to meta-analysis to quantify the effect of the application time and concentration of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) deproteinizing agents on bonding to dentin. RESULTS: Only 9 laboratory studies fit the inclusion criteria of this systematic review. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that the pooled average microtensile bond strength values to dentin pre-treated with deproteinizing agents (15.71 MPa) was significantly lower than those of the non-treated control group (20.94 MPa). CONCLUSIONS: In light of the currently available scientific evidence, dentin surface pretreatment with deproteinizing agents does not enhance the bonding of SE adhesives to dentin. The HOCl deproteinizing agent exhibited minimal adverse effects on bonding to dentin in comparison with NaOCl solutions.
Adhesives* ; Animals ; Dentin* ; Hypochlorous Acid ; Smear Layer* ; Sodium Hypochlorite

This study aimed to evaluate surface morphology and resin tag penetration of resin infiltration into primary anterior teeth after enamel deproteinization with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) prior to phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) etching.Ninety primary anterior teeth with non-cavitated caries lesion were devided five groups according to enamel pretreatment as follows, group I-15% hydrochloric acid (HCl) 2min. ; group II-5.25% NaOCl 1min., 35% H₃PO₄ 1min. ; group III-5.25% NaOCl 2min., 35% H₃PO₄ 1min. ; group IV-5.25% NaOCl 1min., 35% H₃PO₄ 2min. ; group V-5.25% NaOCl 2min., 35% H3PO4 2min. Fifteen teeth were examined etched surface structure using field emission-scanning electron microscope. Seventy five teeth were infiltrated with resin, maximum penetration depth and percentage penetration were analysed using dual fluorescence confocal microscopy.As the application time of NaOCl increased, ratio of enamel type I, II were increased. Percentage penetration (PP) was higher in group V than group II, III (p < 0.05). PP of group IV, V did not show any differences.Non-cavitated caries of primary anterior teeth can be treated with resin infiltration. Enamel deproteinization with NaOCl prior to 35% H3PO4 etching could be an alternative of 15% HCl etching in resin infiltration.
Dental Enamel ; Fluorescence ; Hydrochloric Acid ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Sodium Hypochlorite ; Tooth