1.Alteration on household salt consumption status and urinary iodine concentration of a primary school children in Shanghai, 2012-2014.
Pu LIU ; Na WANG ; Hong FANG ; Hexing WANG ; Yujie YAN ; Chaowei FU ; Huilin XU ; Feng JIANG ; Ying ZHOU ; Qi ZHAO ; Yaoping ZHAO ; Qingwu JIANG
Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine 2016;50(3):282-284
2.Analysis on the feasibility of reducing the concentration in edible iodine-salt based on the results of iodized salt monitoring program from the year of 2004 to 2006, in China.
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2007;28(11):1089-1091
OBJECTIVETo analyze the feasibility of reducing the concentration of iodized salt based on the results of iodized salt monitoring from the year of 2004 to 2006.
METHODSSpecial software for iodized salt monitor and SAS 9.0 were used to analyze salt monitoring data and urine iodine data of women at reproductive age in high-risk areas in 2006.
RESULTSBased on the data from monitoring program, adequate iodized salt coverage increased constantly in China. The quality of iodized salt was stable with less than 2 mg/kg iodine loss at production level but most was at 3 mg/kg iodine loss under estimation during the process of distribution from factory to households. Individual daily intake of iodized salt was higher than the recommendation from WHO but the average level of urinary iodine excretion of women and school children was more than adequate.
CONCLUSIONTo decrease the concentration of iodine in edible salt was necessary in China. Our findings provided recommendation on the concentration of iodine in edible salt that should be adjusted from the current concentration of 35 mg/kg to 25-28 mg/kg, and the variation should be controlled from the current range of +/- 15 mg/kg to +/- 10 mg/kg.
Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Iodine ; urine ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutrition Policy ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; urine ; Young Adult
3.A study on the variation of goiter rates, urinary iodine and household salt iodine intake among children in West China.
Xiao-hui SU ; Shou-jun LIU ; Shu-qiu SUN ; Yong-xiang YE ; Ying LIU
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2003;24(9):787-789
OBJECTIVETo study the factors leading to the variation of children's total goiter rates, urine iodine and salt iodine in West China.
METHODSDesign effect (DEFF) was used to evaluate the variation of indicators.
RESULTSDEFF of children's total goiter rate was about 3.0 in 9 provinces, and the proportion was 75.0%. The DEFF of urine iodine was 1.0 - 3.5 in 6 provinces, and the proportion was 50.0%. The DEFF of intake rate of qualified iodized salt was over 3.0 in 11 provinces. The DEFF of covering rate of iodized salt was about 3.0 in 4 provinces.
CONCLUSIONIn order to provide scientific basis for IDD surveillance in China, other than bias due to methods of no-sampling, sample size should be further calculated in West China. Thus the main influencing factors of indicator variation could be measured with scientific and reasonable basis.
Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Goiter ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; urine ; Sample Size ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; administration & dosage
5.Iodine nutritional status of child islanders in relation with iodized salt intake.
Yan ZOU ; Kun CHEN ; Li-ming SHUI ; Jian-yue WANG ; Li-jun ZHANG
Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences 2005;34(1):80-84
OBJECTIVETo evaluate the iodine nutritional status and its relation to iodized salt intake in child islanders.
METHODSA comparing study was carried out in 4 townships selected by random sampling from Dinghai (iodized salt) and Daishan(non-iodized salt) of Zhoushan island and total 592 of children were included in the study. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the urinary iodine concentration and dietary iodine intake of two groups. The correlation of urinary iodine concentration and dietary iodine intake were examined by Spearman correlation test. Ordinal regression was used to analyse the dependent variables of urinary iodine concentration.
RESULTSThe urinary iodine concentration of non-iodized salt district was lower than that in iodized salt district (87 microg/L compared with 150 microg/L, u=7.296, P=0.000) ,whereas the amount of daily iodine intake in the two groups was 34.5 microg/d and 62.3 microg/d (u=6.925, P=0.000). The urinary iodine concentration of 58.6 % children in non-iodized salt district was below 100 microg/L. Age and iodized-salt intake were significant factors in the final regression model (P<0.05) with the OR of 1.119 and 3.238, respectively.
CONCLUSIONThe daily dietary iodine intake for children in Zhoushan island is insufficient, the iodized salt prophylaxis is necessary.
Child ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; urine ; Male ; Nutritional Status ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects
6.Comparison of Thyroglobulin and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women between Counties with a Median Urinary Iodine Concentration of 100-149 µg/L and 150-249 µg/L.
Di Qun CHEN ; Ying YE ; Jia Ni WU ; Ying LAN ; Mu Hua WANG ; Xiao Yan WU ; Meng HE ; Li Jin WANG ; Xin Yi ZHENG ; Zhi Hui CHEN
Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2023;36(10):917-929
OBJECTIVE:
This study explored whether thyroglobulin and thyroid disease prevalence rates were higher in pregnant Chinese women with a median urinary iodine concentration of 100-149 µg/L, compared with those with a median urinary iodine concentration of 150-249 μg/L maintained through sustainable universal salt iodization.
METHODS:
This was a cross-sectional study in which 812 healthy pregnant women were enrolled to collect samples of their household edible salt, urine, and blood during their routine antenatal care in the 18 counties in Fujian Province, China. The levels of salt iodine concentration, urinary iodine concentration (UIC), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroid hormone (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody were assessed during the routine antenatal care visits.
RESULTS:
The median UIC (mUIC) in pregnant women was 130.8 μg/L (interquartile range = 91.5-198.1 μg/L) in the counties with an mUIC of 100-149 μg/L (Group I), and 172.0 μg/L (interquartile range = 123.5-244.4 μg/L) in the counties with an mUIC of 150-249 μg/L (Group II). Goiter prevalence and thyroid nodule detection rates showed no difference between Group I and Group II ( P > 0.05). Except for FT4 values, the TSH, FT4, FT3, Tg and Tg values > 40 (μg/L) and the thyroid diseases prevalence rate (TDR) showed no significant differences between Group I and Group II ( P > 0.05), whether or not iodine supplementation measures were taken.
CONCLUSION
Compared with an mUIC of 150-249 μg/L, not only there was no difference in thyroid morphology, but also the Tg value, rate of Tg values > 40 µg/L, and TDR were not higher in pregnant women in the counties with an mUIC of 100-149 μg/L achieved through sustainable universal salt iodization in Fujian Province, China.
Female
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Humans
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Pregnancy
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Cross-Sectional Studies
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Iodine/urine*
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Pregnant Women
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Sodium Chloride, Dietary
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Thyroglobulin
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Thyroid Gland
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Thyrotropin
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East Asian People
7.Not Salt Taste Perception but Self-Reported Salt Eating Habit Predicts Actual Salt Intake.
Hajeong LEE ; Hyun Jeong CHO ; Eunjin BAE ; Yong Chul KIM ; Suhnggwon KIM ; Ho Jun CHIN
Journal of Korean Medical Science 2014;29(Suppl 2):S91-S96
Excessive dietary salt intake is related to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although dietary salt restriction is essential, it is difficult to achieve because of salt palatability. However, the association between salt perception or salt eating habit and actual salt intake remains uncertain. In this study, we recruited 74 healthy young individuals. We investigated their salt-eating habits by questionnaire and salt taste threshold through a rating scale that used serial dilution of a sodium chloride solution. Predicted 24-hr urinary salt excretions using Kawasaki's and Tanaka's equations estimated dietary salt intake. Participants' mean age was 35 yr, and 59.5% were male. Salt sense threshold did not show any relationship with actual salt intake and a salt-eating habit. However, those eating "salty" foods showed higher blood pressure (P for trend=0.048) and higher body mass index (BMI; P for trend=0.043). Moreover, a salty eating habit was a significant predictor for actual salt intake (regression coefficient [beta] for Kawasaki's equation 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 10-2.69, P=0.048; beta for Tanaka's equation 0.66, 95% CI 0.01-1.31, P=0.047). In conclusion, a self-reported salt-eating habit, not salt taste threshold predicts actual salt intake.
Adult
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Algorithms
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Blood Pressure
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Body Mass Index
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Demography
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Female
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Habits
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Humans
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Linear Models
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Male
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Questionnaires
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Self Report
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Sodium Chloride, Dietary/*urine
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Taste Perception
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Taste Threshold
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Urine Specimen Collection
8.Control of iodine deficiency disorders following 10-year universal salt iodization in Hebei Province of China.
Sheng-Min LV ; Li-Jun XIE ; Rong-Hua ZHOU ; Zhen-Shui CHONG ; Li-Hui JIA ; M A JING ; Jun ZHAO ; Dong XU
Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2009;22(6):472-479
OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effectiveness of universal salt iodization (USI) for the control of IDD in Hebei province since it was implemented in 1995, identify the problems currently encountered in the implementation of USI and provide practical proposals for addressing these problems.
METHODSProbability proportionate to size sampling (PPS) was employed in the surveillance of IDD, for which a total of 1200 school children aged 8-10 years were randomly selected from 30 counties around the whole province during each IDD survey. The iodine content of salt was determined quantitatively with the titration method. The iodine content of urinary samples was measured by the method of ammonium persulfate oxidation.
RESULTSThe coverage of iodized salt increased from 65.0% in 1995 to 98.0% in 1999, then decreased to 88.1% in 2005 which was below the national standard of 90%. The median urinary iodine of children aged 8-10 years varied between 160.1 microg/L and 307.4 microg/L, which was above the national standard. The proportion of urinary samples with iodine content above 300 microg/L was over 30% in 2005, implying exorbitant iodine nutrition among the children. The goiter rate (TGR) among children aged 8-10 years dropped from 11.8% in 1995 to 2.7% in 2005, indicating that the spread of endemic goiter was under control.
CONCLUSIONPreliminary elimination of IDD was achieved by USI in Hebei province. Nevertheless, some problems still existed in USI such as non-iodized salt competition, over iodization and un-standardized iodization. In order to address these problems, the management and supervision of salt market needs to be strengthened to prevent non-iodized salt from reaching households; updating equipment and modifying techniques are also necessary to ensure the quality of iodized salt; to clarify the causes of excessive urinary iodine content, the various sources of iodine from the diet need to be investigated in the future.
Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Goiter ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Hypothyroidism ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Iodine ; deficiency ; pharmacology ; urine ; Male ; Nutrition Policy ; Nutritional Status ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; pharmacology ; Time Factors
9.A field trial study on the influence of different salt iodine concentration on urinary iodine excrition among the target population.
Yi-bing FAN ; Su-mei LI ; Hai-ying CHEN ; Kun-hua YUAN ; Guo-ping JU ; Ming LI ; Shu-hua LI ; Xiu-wei LI ; Le-zhi ZOU ; Jing WANG ; Zhen-hua SHU
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2005;26(10):740-744
OBJECTIVETo evaluate the influence of different salt iodine concentration on urinary iodine excrition among the target population and to determine the appropriate level of salt iodization to the local people.
METHODSIn the 31-day random control trial, 1099 subjects from 399 families were randomly distributed into four groups and were supplied with iodized-salt with different iodine concentration of (6 +/- 2)mg/kg, (15 +/- 2)mg/kg, (24 +/- 2)mg/kg and (34 +/- 2)mg/kg, respectively. The original family salt was retrieved, whose iodine content was determined in those subjects' families with single-blind method. Baseline survey was conducted including salt and urinary iodine of the subjects. From the 27th day after the intervention, the urinary samples of the subjects were continuously collected for 5 days and urinary iodine was tesed respectively. Meanwhile, daily meal investigation was conducted to evaluate the influences originated from food.
RESULTSThe median of local water iodine content was 3.05 microg/L and the average salt iodine concentration was (36.4 +/- 5.4)mg/kg while 98.8% of the household consumed sufficient iodized-salt. The medians of baseline urinary iodine of the subjects were 293.6 microg/L in city, and 508.8 microg/L in the countryside. The urinary iodine medians of four groups in the day of 28th after intervention were 97.2 microg/L, 198.6 microg/L, 249.4 microg/L, and 330.7 microg/L respectively in the city group, while they were 100.5 microg/L, 193.0 microg/L, 246.3 microg/L and 308.3 microg/L seperately in the countryside group. There was no statistically significant differences among the medians of urine iodine in the 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th and 31st day after intervention (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONSThe target areas were with iodine deficiency which possessed high coverage of qualified iodized-salt at household level. The average urinary iodine level of the subjects was slightly higher than the standard level, according to the baseline survey. The intervetion trail showed that the salt iodine concentration of 15-24 mg/kg was sufficient to the local people.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Housing ; Humans ; Iodine ; deficiency ; pharmacology ; urine ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; pharmacology ; Time Factors
10.NaCl plus chitosan as a dietary salt to prevent the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Sung Hoon PARK ; Noton Kumar DUTTA ; Min Won BAEK ; Dong Jae KIM ; Yi Rang NA ; Seung Hyeok SEOK ; Byoung Hee LEE ; Ji Eun CHO ; Geon Sik CHO ; Jae Hak PARK
Journal of Veterinary Science 2009;10(2):141-146
The effect of NaCl plus 3% chitosan on the systolic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were evaluated and compared with NaCl plus KCl (NaCl, 49.36% + KCl 49.36%) and chitosan or NaCl treatment alone. In SHR, administration of NaCl plus chitosan (44 mM Na/day) for two months significantly decreased the systolic blood pressure greater than of NaCl plus KCl and NaCl alone. NaCl plus chitosan resulted, though not statistically significant, in decreased urinary Na+ excretion and decreased blood urea nitrogen levels. Urinary creatinine of NaCl plus chitosan was slightly decreased compared to 3 treated groups. Serum electrolytes levels, however, remained unchanged. The combination of NaCl and chitosan may be superior to the conventional use of NaCl plus KCl or NaCl alone in the prevention of hypertension. Even though these supplementary diets have demonstrated potential anti-hypertensive effects in the experimental animal model, further research is needed before any recommendations can be made.
Angiotensin I/blood
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Angiotensin II/biosynthesis
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Animals
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Blood Pressure/*drug effects/physiology
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Blood Urea Nitrogen
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Body Weight/drug effects
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Chitosan/*administration & dosage
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Chlorides/blood/urine
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Creatinine/urine
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Heart/physiology
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Histocytochemistry
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Hypertension/*prevention & control
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Kidney/physiology
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Male
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Potassium/blood/urine
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Potassium Chloride/administration & dosage
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Random Allocation
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Rats
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Rats, Inbred SHR
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Sodium/blood/urine
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Sodium Chloride, Dietary/*administration & dosage
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Systole/drug effects/physiology