Child ; China ; Humans ; Iodine ; urine ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary

OBJECTIVETo compare the changes of urinary iodine levels among the family members with iodine content of 5 - 150 microg/L in drinking water, before and after non-iodized salt intervention through a field trail study.

METHODSFamily members who routinely drank water with iodine content 5 - 150 microg/L were chosen to substitute non-iodized salt for their current iodized salt for 2 months, and urine samples of the family members were collected for determination of iodine change before and after intervention was carried out.

RESULTSMedian urinary iodine of school children, women with productive age and male adults exceeding 370 microg/L before intervention and the frequency distribution of urinary iodine were all above 70%. Our results revealed that iodine excess exited in three groups of family members. After intervention, all median urinary iodine level seemed to have decreased significantly, and groups with drinking water iodine 5.0 - 99.9 microg/L reduced to adequate or close to adequate while the group that drinking water iodine was 100 - 150 microg/L reached the cut-off point of excessive iodine level (300 microg/L).

CONCLUSIONResults from your study posed the idea that the iodine adequate areas should be defined as the areas with iodine content of 5.0 - 100 microg/L in drinking water, and edible salt not be iodized in these areas. Areas with iodine content of 100 - 150 microg/L in drinking water should be classified as iodine excessive.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Iodides ; urine ; Iodine ; urine ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; urine ; Water Supply ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo analyze the feasibility of reducing the concentration of iodized salt based on the results of iodized salt monitoring from the year of 2004 to 2006.

METHODSSpecial software for iodized salt monitor and SAS 9.0 were used to analyze salt monitoring data and urine iodine data of women at reproductive age in high-risk areas in 2006.

RESULTSBased on the data from monitoring program, adequate iodized salt coverage increased constantly in China. The quality of iodized salt was stable with less than 2 mg/kg iodine loss at production level but most was at 3 mg/kg iodine loss under estimation during the process of distribution from factory to households. Individual daily intake of iodized salt was higher than the recommendation from WHO but the average level of urinary iodine excretion of women and school children was more than adequate.

CONCLUSIONTo decrease the concentration of iodine in edible salt was necessary in China. Our findings provided recommendation on the concentration of iodine in edible salt that should be adjusted from the current concentration of 35 mg/kg to 25-28 mg/kg, and the variation should be controlled from the current range of +/- 15 mg/kg to +/- 10 mg/kg.

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Iodine ; urine ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutrition Policy ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; urine ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo explore the influence factors of salt-sensitive hypertension and to observe changes of blood pressures and urinary sodium and potassium excretion in response to acute oral saline loading among essential hypertensive patients in China.

METHODSEssential hypertensive patients from Beijing Jinzhan second community were included in this study. Salt-sensitivity was determined via the improved Sullivan's acute oral saline loading and furosemide volume-depletion tests. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied to explore influence factors of salt-sensitive hypertension. Acute oral saline loading induced changes on blood pressures and urinary sodium and potassium excretion were observed.

RESULTSSixty-three salt-sensitive hypertensive patients were classified out of a total of 342(18.4%) essential hypertensive patients. Salt-sensitive patients were elder than the non-salt-sensitive patients (P < 0.05) . Binary logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR = 1.744, 95%CI:0.922-3.300, P > 0.05) , gender (OR = 0.728, 95%CI:0.374-1.415, P > 0.05) , total cholesterol level (OR = 1.168, 95%CI:0.882-1.547, P > 0.05) and 24-hour urinary sodium (OR = 0.998, 95%CI:0.995-1.002, P > 0.05) were not influencing factors of salt-sensitivity among essential hypertensive patients. Bivariate general linear models for repeated measures showed that there were significant statistical differences on blood pressures and urinary electrolytes concentrations between the beginning of trials, 2 hours after acute saline loading and 2 hours after furosemide volume-depletion(all P < 0.01). There was a greater blood pressures change in salt-sensitive patients than in non-salt-sensitive patients(all P < 0.01) while urinary electrolytes concentrations change was similar between two groups(all P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSAge, gender, total cholesterol level and 24-hour urinary sodium are not influencing factors of salt-sensitivity among essential hypertensive patients in this study. Impaired pressure natriuresis during acute oral saline loading and furosemide volume-depletion tests is presented in salt-sensitive essential hypertensive patients.

Adult ; Aged ; Aldosterone ; blood ; Blood Pressure ; drug effects ; Electrolytes ; urine ; Essential Hypertension ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Potassium ; urine ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; administration & dosage ; urine

OBJECTIVETo study the factors leading to the variation of children's total goiter rates, urine iodine and salt iodine in West China.

METHODSDesign effect (DEFF) was used to evaluate the variation of indicators.

RESULTSDEFF of children's total goiter rate was about 3.0 in 9 provinces, and the proportion was 75.0%. The DEFF of urine iodine was 1.0 - 3.5 in 6 provinces, and the proportion was 50.0%. The DEFF of intake rate of qualified iodized salt was over 3.0 in 11 provinces. The DEFF of covering rate of iodized salt was about 3.0 in 4 provinces.

CONCLUSIONIn order to provide scientific basis for IDD surveillance in China, other than bias due to methods of no-sampling, sample size should be further calculated in West China. Thus the main influencing factors of indicator variation could be measured with scientific and reasonable basis.

Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Goiter ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; urine ; Sample Size ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; administration & dosage

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the iodine nutritional status and its relation to iodized salt intake in child islanders.

METHODSA comparing study was carried out in 4 townships selected by random sampling from Dinghai (iodized salt) and Daishan(non-iodized salt) of Zhoushan island and total 592 of children were included in the study. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the urinary iodine concentration and dietary iodine intake of two groups. The correlation of urinary iodine concentration and dietary iodine intake were examined by Spearman correlation test. Ordinal regression was used to analyse the dependent variables of urinary iodine concentration.

RESULTSThe urinary iodine concentration of non-iodized salt district was lower than that in iodized salt district (87 microg/L compared with 150 microg/L, u=7.296, P=0.000) ,whereas the amount of daily iodine intake in the two groups was 34.5 microg/d and 62.3 microg/d (u=6.925, P=0.000). The urinary iodine concentration of 58.6 % children in non-iodized salt district was below 100 microg/L. Age and iodized-salt intake were significant factors in the final regression model (P<0.05) with the OR of 1.119 and 3.238, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe daily dietary iodine intake for children in Zhoushan island is insufficient, the iodized salt prophylaxis is necessary.

Child ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; urine ; Male ; Nutritional Status ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects

OBJECTIVEIn order to understand the iodine nutritional status, after the salt-iodine content was showed a reduction in 2012 and to evaluate the current situation after the new standards was brought into force to the general population in an experimental community of Yunnan province.

METHODSRandomly sampled urine and salt were collected, to test the iodine concentration in the study-site. Pre-and post-levels of the iodized salt under the provision of the new standards, were identified.

RESULTSof this study were gathered upon 3 weeks or 3 months, respectively. Results Data from the three randomly chosen study sites showed that the urine iodine concentration in the general populations was reducing gradually. In the general population, medians of Urine Iodine (MUI) were 279.71 µg/L, 239.64 µg/L and 226.26 µg/L, respectively. Proportion of the urine iodine value for 100-199 µg/L increased but ≥300 µg/L decreased, after the new standard was put into practice. Both homogeneity and stability of the new standard on iodized salt seemed to be good.

CONCLUSIONIodine nutrition in general population appeared reasonable under the use of newly set salt-iodine standards in general population living in Yunnan province.

China ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; analysis ; urine ; Nutrition Policy ; Nutritional Status ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; administration & dosage ; analysis

Adult ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; urine ; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Nutritional Status ; Pregnancy ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; Urinalysis ; methods

OBJECTIVE: This study explored whether thyroglobulin and thyroid disease prevalence rates were higher in pregnant Chinese women with a median urinary iodine concentration of 100-149 µg/L, compared with those with a median urinary iodine concentration of 150-249 μg/L maintained through sustainable universal salt iodization. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study in which 812 healthy pregnant women were enrolled to collect samples of their household edible salt, urine, and blood during their routine antenatal care in the 18 counties in Fujian Province, China. The levels of salt iodine concentration, urinary iodine concentration (UIC), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroid hormone (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody were assessed during the routine antenatal care visits. RESULTS: The median UIC (mUIC) in pregnant women was 130.8 μg/L (interquartile range = 91.5-198.1 μg/L) in the counties with an mUIC of 100-149 μg/L (Group I), and 172.0 μg/L (interquartile range = 123.5-244.4 μg/L) in the counties with an mUIC of 150-249 μg/L (Group II). Goiter prevalence and thyroid nodule detection rates showed no difference between Group I and Group II ( P > 0.05). Except for FT4 values, the TSH, FT4, FT3, Tg and Tg values > 40 (μg/L) and the thyroid diseases prevalence rate (TDR) showed no significant differences between Group I and Group II ( P > 0.05), whether or not iodine supplementation measures were taken. CONCLUSION Compared with an mUIC of 150-249 μg/L, not only there was no difference in thyroid morphology, but also the Tg value, rate of Tg values > 40 µg/L, and TDR were not higher in pregnant women in the counties with an mUIC of 100-149 μg/L achieved through sustainable universal salt iodization in Fujian Province, China.
Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Iodine/urine* ; Pregnant Women ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; Thyroglobulin ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyrotropin ; East Asian People

Objective: To analyze the iodine nutrition status of children aged 8 to 10 years in Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021. Methods: A multi-stage stratified sampling method was used to select non-residential children aged 8 to 10 years from 90 counties in Zhejiang Province. A total of 114 103 children were included in the study from 2016 to 2021. Direct titration method and arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry were used to detect salt iodine content and urinary iodine level, respectively, to evaluate the iodine nutritional status of children. Ultrasound was used to detect thyroid volume and analyze the current prevalence of goiter in school-age children. Results: The age of 114 103 children was (9.04 ± 0.81) years old, with 50.0% of (57 083) boys. The median of iodine content M (Q₁, Q₃) in children's household salt was 23.00 (19.80, 25.20) mg/kg, including 17 242 non-iodized salt, 6 173 unqualified iodized salt, and 90 688 qualified iodized salt. The coverage rate of iodized salt was 84.89%, and the coverage rate of qualified iodized salt was 79.48%. The proportion of non-iodized salt increased from 11.85% in 2016 to 16.04% in 2021 (χ²_trend=111.427, P<0.001). The median of urinary iodine concentration M (Q₁, Q₃) in children was 182.50 (121.00, 261.00) μg/L, among which the proportions of iodine deficiency, iodine suitability, iodine over suitability, and iodine excess were 17.25% (19 686 cases), 39.21% (44 745 cases), 26.85% (30 638 cases), and 16.68% (19 034 cases), respectively. The median of urinary iodine concentration in children in inland areas [M (Q₁, Q₃): 190.90 (128.80, 269.00) μg/L] was significantly higher than that in children in coastal areas [M (Q₁, Q₃): 173.00 (113.00, 250.30) μg/L] (P<0.001). From 2016 to 2021, a total of 39 134 ultrasound examinations were conducted, and 1 229 cases of thyroid enlargement were detected. The goiter rate was 3.14% (95%CI: 2.97%-3.32%). The incidence of goiter in children in coastal areas [3.45% (95%CI: 3.19%-3.72%), 641/18 604] was higher than that in children in inland areas [2.86% (95%CI: 2.64%-3.10%), 588/20 530] (P=0.001). Conclusion: From 2016 to 2021, the iodine nutrition level of children aged 8-10 years in Zhejiang Province is generally suitable, and the rate of goiter in children meets the limit of iodine deficiency disease elimination standards.
Male ; Child ; Humans ; Nutritional Status ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Iodine ; Goiter/epidemiology* ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary/urine* ; Malnutrition ; China/epidemiology*