China ; epidemiology ; Diet, Sodium-Restricted ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Humans ; Hypertension ; prevention & control ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; administration & dosage

OBJECTIVEIn order to understand the iodine nutritional status, after the salt-iodine content was showed a reduction in 2012 and to evaluate the current situation after the new standards was brought into force to the general population in an experimental community of Yunnan province.

METHODSRandomly sampled urine and salt were collected, to test the iodine concentration in the study-site. Pre-and post-levels of the iodized salt under the provision of the new standards, were identified.

RESULTSof this study were gathered upon 3 weeks or 3 months, respectively. Results Data from the three randomly chosen study sites showed that the urine iodine concentration in the general populations was reducing gradually. In the general population, medians of Urine Iodine (MUI) were 279.71 µg/L, 239.64 µg/L and 226.26 µg/L, respectively. Proportion of the urine iodine value for 100-199 µg/L increased but ≥300 µg/L decreased, after the new standard was put into practice. Both homogeneity and stability of the new standard on iodized salt seemed to be good.

CONCLUSIONIodine nutrition in general population appeared reasonable under the use of newly set salt-iodine standards in general population living in Yunnan province.

China ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; analysis ; urine ; Nutrition Policy ; Nutritional Status ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; administration & dosage ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo study the factors leading to the variation of children's total goiter rates, urine iodine and salt iodine in West China.

METHODSDesign effect (DEFF) was used to evaluate the variation of indicators.

RESULTSDEFF of children's total goiter rate was about 3.0 in 9 provinces, and the proportion was 75.0%. The DEFF of urine iodine was 1.0 - 3.5 in 6 provinces, and the proportion was 50.0%. The DEFF of intake rate of qualified iodized salt was over 3.0 in 11 provinces. The DEFF of covering rate of iodized salt was about 3.0 in 4 provinces.

CONCLUSIONIn order to provide scientific basis for IDD surveillance in China, other than bias due to methods of no-sampling, sample size should be further calculated in West China. Thus the main influencing factors of indicator variation could be measured with scientific and reasonable basis.

Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Goiter ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; urine ; Sample Size ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; administration & dosage

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the iodine nutritional status and its relation to iodized salt intake in child islanders.

METHODSA comparing study was carried out in 4 townships selected by random sampling from Dinghai (iodized salt) and Daishan(non-iodized salt) of Zhoushan island and total 592 of children were included in the study. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the urinary iodine concentration and dietary iodine intake of two groups. The correlation of urinary iodine concentration and dietary iodine intake were examined by Spearman correlation test. Ordinal regression was used to analyse the dependent variables of urinary iodine concentration.

RESULTSThe urinary iodine concentration of non-iodized salt district was lower than that in iodized salt district (87 microg/L compared with 150 microg/L, u=7.296, P=0.000) ,whereas the amount of daily iodine intake in the two groups was 34.5 microg/d and 62.3 microg/d (u=6.925, P=0.000). The urinary iodine concentration of 58.6 % children in non-iodized salt district was below 100 microg/L. Age and iodized-salt intake were significant factors in the final regression model (P<0.05) with the OR of 1.119 and 3.238, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe daily dietary iodine intake for children in Zhoushan island is insufficient, the iodized salt prophylaxis is necessary.

Child ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; urine ; Male ; Nutritional Status ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects

Blood Pressure ; Health Education ; Humans ; Hypertension ; prevention & control ; Life Style ; Public Health ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; administration & dosage ; Time Factors

Iodine, an essential component of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland, is widely but unevenly distributed in the earth's environment. Great difference exists in the iodine nutritional status of populations residing in different region. Both iodine deficiency and iodine excess can injure the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency tigers endemic goiter, cretinism, and hyperthyroidism, while iodine excess can result in high iodine goiter, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism; also, iodine deficiency or excess may affect the histological type of thyroid cancer. In 1996, China began to implement the universal salt iodization policy, which has basically eliminated the iodine deficiency disorders nationwide; however, it also caused the changes in the spectra of other thyroid diseases including iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroid disease, and papillary thyroid carcinoma. Individualized iodine nutritional status assessment for the populations, particularly those with thyroid diseases, will be beneficial.
China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; deficiency ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; adverse effects ; Thyroid Diseases ; epidemiology ; etiology

Adult ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; urine ; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Nutritional Status ; Pregnancy ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; Urinalysis ; methods

OBJECTIVETo assess the effect of iodised salt for preventing iodine deficiency disorders.

METHODCochrane systematic review.

RESULTSFour randomised controlled trials were included. Subgroup analysis performed lay on different ages, interventions and controls. Prevalence of goitre was reduced close to 5% when using distributed iodised salt and market iodised salt plus iodine oil capsule which showed more effective than using market iodised salt alone (OR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.02 - 0.17). The latter's prevalence of goitre was 14.7%. When using market iodised salt, the iodine urea excretion level showed different results in children group in different countries. Basically, the market iodised salt for preventing iodine deficiency of pregnancy women were effective, but a part of them did not achieve to the ideal status of iodine nutrition.

CONCLUSIONSThe needs to be strictly controlled quality of iodised salt and market iodised salt plus iodised oil capsule thus can effectively reduce the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders. However there was not enough evidence to support that market iodised salt can effectively eliminate these disorders, particularly in children. More eligibility trials are needed for providing more evidences.

Adult ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Goiter ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; deficiency ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; administration & dosage

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect and safety of supplying sodium chloride in the treatment of patients with severe heart failure.

METHODSConsecutive 51 hospitalized patients with severe heart failure and cardiac edema were included in this study. Normal diet (6 g NaCl/d) was supplied to all patients. On the basis of controlling fluid intake and treating related etiological factors as well as standard medications including furosemide for severe heart failure, patients with mild hyponatremia (serum sodium level 130 - 134 mmol/L) ate additional salted vegetables, patients with moderate hyponatremia (serum sodium level 125 - 129 mmol/L) and severe hyponatremia (serum sodium level < 125 mmol/L) ate additional salted vegetables and were received additionally intravenous 3%NaCl hypertonic saline infusion (10 ml/h) until reaching normal serum sodium level.

RESULTSOn admission, 37.25% (19/51) patients had hyponatremia. During the first two weeks hospitalization period, 88.24% (45/51) patients were treated with intravenous diuretics and total incidence of hyponatremia was 64.71% (33/51), mild hyponatremia was 50.98% (26/51), middle and severe hyponatremia was 13.73% (7/51); among them, hyponatremia lasted less than 3 d in 57.58% (19/33) patients and ≥ 3 d in 42.42% (14/33) patients. Heart failure exacerbation and hypernatremia were not observed in patients receiving additional sodium chloride therapy. Hospitalization time was similar among patients with different blood natrium levels [average (16 ± 12) d]. Fifty out of 51 (98%) patients discharged from the hospital with improved heart failure symptoms and signs.

CONCLUSIONSupplying additional sodium chloride could rapid correct hyponatremia in heart failure patients with or without intravenous diuretics therapy which might contribute to a favorable prognosis in hospitalized heart failure patients.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Heart Failure ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Hyponatremia ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Sodium Chloride ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary

OBJECTIVETo explore the influence factors of salt-sensitive hypertension and to observe changes of blood pressures and urinary sodium and potassium excretion in response to acute oral saline loading among essential hypertensive patients in China.

METHODSEssential hypertensive patients from Beijing Jinzhan second community were included in this study. Salt-sensitivity was determined via the improved Sullivan's acute oral saline loading and furosemide volume-depletion tests. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied to explore influence factors of salt-sensitive hypertension. Acute oral saline loading induced changes on blood pressures and urinary sodium and potassium excretion were observed.

RESULTSSixty-three salt-sensitive hypertensive patients were classified out of a total of 342(18.4%) essential hypertensive patients. Salt-sensitive patients were elder than the non-salt-sensitive patients (P < 0.05) . Binary logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR = 1.744, 95%CI:0.922-3.300, P > 0.05) , gender (OR = 0.728, 95%CI:0.374-1.415, P > 0.05) , total cholesterol level (OR = 1.168, 95%CI:0.882-1.547, P > 0.05) and 24-hour urinary sodium (OR = 0.998, 95%CI:0.995-1.002, P > 0.05) were not influencing factors of salt-sensitivity among essential hypertensive patients. Bivariate general linear models for repeated measures showed that there were significant statistical differences on blood pressures and urinary electrolytes concentrations between the beginning of trials, 2 hours after acute saline loading and 2 hours after furosemide volume-depletion(all P < 0.01). There was a greater blood pressures change in salt-sensitive patients than in non-salt-sensitive patients(all P < 0.01) while urinary electrolytes concentrations change was similar between two groups(all P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSAge, gender, total cholesterol level and 24-hour urinary sodium are not influencing factors of salt-sensitivity among essential hypertensive patients in this study. Impaired pressure natriuresis during acute oral saline loading and furosemide volume-depletion tests is presented in salt-sensitive essential hypertensive patients.

Adult ; Aged ; Aldosterone ; blood ; Blood Pressure ; drug effects ; Electrolytes ; urine ; Essential Hypertension ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Potassium ; urine ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; administration & dosage ; urine