Background: Studies on the risk of kidney stone disease by age and gender show that the prevalence varies by countries and regions, particularly influenced by the conutry development, population diet, etc. In our country, research on kidney stones has been scarce over the past two decades. Aim: To study the age and gender characteristics of patients undergoing surgical treatment for kidney stones. Materials and Methods: Data from a total of 551 individuals who underwent surgical treatment at the Urology Department of the First State Central Hospital over a six-month period (01.01.2024-06.01.2024) were analyzed. The age and gender characteristics of patients diagnosed with kidney stones were studied, and logistic regression was used to test the true probabilities. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 27 software, with a significance level set at 0.05. Results: Kidney stones were present in 12.5% of surgical patients (n=69), while other urological diseases accounted for 87.5% (n=482). The mean age of patients with kidney stones was 46.46±12.6 years, which is relatively younger compared to patients with other urological surgical conditions (mean age=55.77, SD=16.174). Regarding the prevalence of kidney stones by gender, females accounted for 56.5% and males 43.5%. Considering the gender distribution of all patients receiving urological surgical care, females constituted 19.9% compared to 8.5% for males, nearly double the incidence. According to logistic regression analysis, women had a 1.5-fold higher risk of developing kidney stones compared to men (OR=1.5, 95% CI: 1.5–4.2, p<0.01). The highest prevalence was observed in the 36–55-year age group, while individuals aged over 55 years had a significantly lower risk (OR=0.19, 95% CI: 0.10–0.39, p<0.001). Conclusion Kidney stones were identified in 12.5% of individuals who underwent urological surgery. The majority of hospitalized patients with kidney stones were aged 36–55 years, and women comprised 56.5% of these cases.

Sleep fulfills the vital physiological needs of the human body. However, 45 percent of the world’s population suffers from sleep problems.
In this article, Sugmel 3 tan /prescription/ widely used in traditional medicine for insomnia was selected and biologically active compounds and pharmacological activities of the plants included in the prescription were reviewed. Essential oils from fruits of Amomum kravanh Pierre ex Gagnep and Cuminum cyminum L. are considered to relax the body and mind to improve a night of sleep. Pharmacological and clinical studies of piperine isolated from Piper longum L. fruits demonstrated that the compound possessed anti-depression-like activity and cognitive enhancing effect.

Background: Serum natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a critical biomarker for diagnosing left ventricular dysfunction. Heart failure is the leading cause of mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD), emphasizing the need for its early detection and prognosis. Objective: This study aimed to determine the serum NT-proBNP levels in participants with CKD and establish a cut-off value for predicting heart failure. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1 to July 1,2024. This study received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Medical Sciences (Approval No.24/01). A total of 117 CKD patients hospitalized in the Nephrology and Endocrinology Department of the third state hospital were enrolled based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using questionnaires, laboratory and heart ultrasound test results. Serum NT-proBNP levels were measured using a rapid immunofluorescence quantitative analyzer. Data were analyzed with SPSS 26.0. Results: The mean age of the 117 participants was 57.9 ± 14.7 years, with 51.3% being male. The mean serum NT-proBNP level was 7686 ± 12149 pg/mL. Statistically significant differences were observed in serum creatinine, sodium, calcium, CKD stage, and arterial hypertension between genders (p<0.05). NT-proBNP levels in hemodialysis patients differed significantly between heart failure and non-heart failure groups (p<0.05). Significant differences were also found in hemoglobin, serum albumin, NT-proBNP levels, and CKD stages (p<0.05). NT-proBNP correlated significantly with risk factors such as hemodialysis, diabetes, and decreased systolic blood pressure (p<0.0001). A weak inverse relationship was noted between systolic blood pressure and NT-proBNP (R² = 0.16). The NT-proBNP cut-off value for predicting heart failure was 3027 pg/mL, with an AUC of 61.7% (sensitivity: 74.5%, specificity: 55%). Conclusion Serum NT-proBNP levels are elevated in CKD patients regardless of heart failure. The established cut-off value for NT-proBNP in CKD patients to detect heart failure was 3027 pg/mL, with moderate diagnostic utility (AUC = 61.7%).

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health issue characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time. As the disease progresses, it leads to an increased risk of cardiovascular complications, which are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in CKD patients. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its inactive fragment, N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), are biomarkers widely used in the diagnosis and management of heart failure. Their role in CKD, however, is complex due to the overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms between cardiac and renal dysfunctions. This literature review aims to explore the diagnostic and prognostic value of BNP and NT-proBNP in patients with CKD, highlighting their clinical relevance, the impact of renal function on their levels, and potential therapeutic implications. The review focuses on studies published in the last decade, examining the clinical applications, outcomes, and challenges associated with using BNP and NT-proBNP as biomarkers in CKD patients.

Cardiovascular diseases related death rates have been declining over, but during the two decades, mortality and morbidity attributable by cardiovascular diseases are continuously taking the first place among the leading causes of morbidity and deaths among the population. Statistics show that >4 million people die each year from cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes in Europe. The World Health Organization reports that in less developed and developing countries, obesity and mortality are expected to continue to increase, depending on the age of the population and the characteristics of lifestyle.
Dyslipidaemia is characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and is a known risk factor for development and progression of atherosclerosis in CAD.
Dyslipidemia and hypertension are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and account for more than 80% of deaths and disability in low- and middle-income countries. Increased serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipid (HDL)-cholesterol and decreased low-density lipid (LDL)-cholesterol are known to be associated with major risk factors for CVD. The Framingham study and others that followed could show that HDL-C is an independent cardiovascular risk factor and that the increase of HDL-C of only 10 mg·L(-1) leads to a risk reduction of 2-3%. A recent meta-analysis, including 302.430 subjects from 68 long-term prospective studies, supported the importance of HDL-C measurement in the risk assessment for CAD.
However, data about the relationship between cardiovascular disease and lipid profile among Mongolian adult are rare in the literature. In recent years, rapid urbanization, unhealthy diet, increased life expectancy and lifestyle changes have led to an increased rate of CVD around the world.

A lot of factors can cause coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke including external risk factors such as tobacco, alcohol consumption, decreased physical activity, obesity while arterial maintenance, high blood sugar, increased LDL are internal risk factors. We can reduce our external risk factors by changing our lifestyle. Recent studies have shown increased blood Lp(a) levels are independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. After 1987, the number of publications has increased since the cDNA homology sequence of Lp(a) and plasminogen 2 was identified. Lp(a) is protein complex consisting from apolipoprotein, phospholipid, free cholesterol, cholesterol esters and tryglyceride. Apoliprotein is a lipid that binds with lipoprotein. Lipoproteins have water-soluble and fat-soluble parts, and those parts bind to lipids and are transported in the bloodstream.How is elevated Lp(a) a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? How much does lowering Lp(a) reduce CVD risk factors? If high Lp(a) concentrations are present, mitigation measures are outlined below.

Background: The American Heart Association estimates that more than 1 million people die each year from acute coronary heart disease and half a million from acute coronary syndrome, and that $ 115 billion a year is spent on diagnosing and treating coronary heart disease [Word Health Organization, 2013]. Goal: In this study we aimed to using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) to diagnose unstable plaques in coronary artery disease. Material and methods: From 2018 to 2021, we performed a coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) scan with a Philips Ingenuity 64-slice computed tomography (64 MD-CT) device and examined 47 patients diagnosed with unstable coronary artery disease at the Reference centre on Diagnostic Imaging named after R.Purev State Laureate, People’s physician and Honorary professor of the State Third Central Hospital.
Common statistical measurements such as means and standard errors were calculated. Probability of results were checked using Student’s test. Result: In studying signs of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) to diagnose unstable plaques in coronary artery disease that coronary artery diameters more widening to compared healthy artery 16(34.0%±6.9), low density sites clarify in plaque (lower than +30HU)- 14(29.8%±6.7), small calcification detect in plaque 36 (74.5%±6.4), ring liked additional density (lower than +130 HU) sees in edge of plaque (Halo sign)-9(19.2%±5.8), plaque edge roughness, erosion liked changes- 18 (38.3%±7.1), rupture of intima (dissection)- 8(17.0%±5.5). Conclusion We detect that computed tomography angiography (CCTA)’s specific signs of unstable plaque of coronary artery disease are coronary artery diameters widening, low density sites clarify in plaque (lower than +30HU), small calcification detect in plaque, ring liked additional density (lower than +130 HU) sees in edge of plaque (Halo sign), plaque edge roughness, erosion liked changes and rupture of intima.

Background: Lower extremity arterial diseases are chronic stenosis of the artery and occlusive arterial diseases, which are commonly caused by atherosclerosis. Prevalence of lower extremity arterial diseases has positive proportional relationship with age of the patients. Furthermore, prevalence of lower extremity arterial disease is 16% among the males over the age of 60, whereas prevalence among same aged woman is 13%. Among the age group of 38 to 59 age, 60 to 69 age and 70-82 age group, prevalence of lower extremity arterial disease was 5.6%, 15.9%, and 33.8%, respectively. Goal: Identifying lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries by CTA-TASC classification of aorta-iliac and femoral popliteal lesions. Obiective:
1. To identify age and sex of the patients with lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries.
2. To identify lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries by CTA-TASC classification of aorta-iliac and femoral popliteal lesions. Material and methods: Study sample consisted of 237 patients, who were diagnosed with lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries from 2019 to 2020 at reference centre on Diagnostic Imaging na after R.Purev State Laureate, People’s physician and Honorary professor of the State Third Central Hospital. Computed angiogram images of lower extremity arteries were examined. Contrast agent “Ultravist” was pumped by automatic syringe. Lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries are categorized by CTA-TASC classification of аorta-iliac and femoral popliteal lesions. The youngest participant was 20 years old and the oldest participant was 76 years old. Common statistical measurements such as means and standard errors were calculated. Probability of results were checked using Student’s test. Results: We have found following results: 185(78.1%±3.0) cases out of 237 diagnosed patients with lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries are males and 52(21.9%±3.0) cases are female. Distribution of lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries by the age group of patients are: up to 20 years of age is 3 (1.3%±0.7), 21 to 40 years of age is 14(5.9%±1.5), 41 to 60 years of age is 86(36.3%±3.1) and over the age of 61 is 134(56.5%±3.2). It is statistically highly significant that experiencing lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries among the age group of over 61(P<0.001).
The result of lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries by the CTA-TASC classification of aorta-iliac and femoral popliteal lesions are: CTA-TASS аorta-iliac lesions A-16(6.8%±1.8), B-8(3.4%±1.2), C-12(5.1%±1.4), D-41(17.3%±2.5), CTA-TASS femoral popliteal A-41(17.29%±2.5), B-53(22.36%±3.6), C-47(19.83%±2.6), D-96(40.5%±3.2), respectively. Conclusions
1. Lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries occurs 46.5% over the age of 60 and 78.1% of the patients are males.
2. Following two categories have identified more than the rest, 17.3% CTA-TASC classification of аorta-iliac lesions, type D and 23.3% CTA-TASC classification of femoral popliteal lesions, type D.

Introduction: Cancer continues to be one of the world’s major health issues, with Mongolia continues to lead Asia in esophageal (100’000: 17.1) and gastric cancer incidence (100’000: 41.0). In the previous decade, 8,137 new cases of gastric cancer were reported in Mongolia. According to TNM staging, eight out of every ten people are diagnosed late, recognizing the need to improve people’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Methods: The survey was carried out using a questionnaire. A total of 320 participants between 17- 80 ages from the aimags of Uvs, Khovd, and Zavkhan were chosen at random for the survey, and data was collected through social media. SPSS (v28.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software was used for statistical analysis. Results: The survey included 110, 106, and 104 participants from the aimags of Uvs, Zavkhan, and Khovd. A total of 320 participants, with 20.9% (67) and 79.1% (253) being male and female respectively. The average age was 35.56±9.15 years. The participants’ mean knowledges, attitudes and practices scores were 7.54±2.7, 9.6±2.2, and 3.82±1.1 respectively in the first survey. Following the advocacy campaign, the mean knowledge, attitude, and practice scores increased to 9.3±2.7, 10.1±2.2, and 4.00±1.2, respectively. Conclusion The attitudes and practices of the participants were related to their level of knowledge. It is critical to increase health education and advocacy efforts in order to develop the appropriate attitudes and behaviors to reduce cancer-related deaths.

Most of the infected patients completely recovered after covid-19 infection. However, a substantial proportion of patients who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 continue to have symptoms long past the time that they recovered from the initial phases of covid-19 disease. At NICE guideline,
1. Acute covid-19: signs and symptoms of covid-19 for up to 4 weeks,
2. Ongoing symptomatic covid-19: signs and symptoms of covid-19 from 4 to 12 weeks,
3. Post-covid-19 syndrome: signs and symptoms that develop during or after an infection consistent with covid-19, continue for more than 12 weeks and are not explained by an alternative diagnosis.
In addition to the clinical case definitions, ‘long covid’ is commonly used to describe signs and symptoms that continue or develop after acute covid-19. As the pandemic of covid-19 continues, numerous additional symptoms, such as fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, myalgias, vomiting or diarrhea, headache and weakness. Other critical and severe complications of covid-19 can include impaired function of the heart, brain, lung, liver, kidney, and coagulation system. Early reports have now emerged on post-acute infectious consequences of covid-19, with studies from the United States, Europe and China reporting outcomes for those who survived hospitalization for acute covid-19. An observational cohort study from 38 hospitals in Michigan, United States evaluated the outcomes of 1,250 patients discharged alive at 60 day. Of 488 patients who completed the telephone survey in this study, 32.6% of patients reported persistent symptoms. Dyspnea while walking up the stairs 22.9% was most commonly reported, while other symptoms included cough 15.4% and persistent loss of taste/smell 13.1%. Post-hospital discharge care of COVID-19 survivors has been recognized as a major research priority by professional organizations.